Evaluating Algebra 1 Textbook & Reading Strategies Essay -- Education

IntroductionIn Yorba Buena high school, English Language Learning (ELL) student face obstacles connecting with the textbooks and comprehending the schoolman content. sectionalization 10.1 of the Algebra 1 textbook (Larson, Boswell, Kanold & Stiff, 2007) is analyzed for comprehensibility and strategies to support students to connect with the text at intellectual level (Vacca, Vacca & Mraz, 2011). The chapter ten of the textbook will be thought at a tenth rack up class during the week of March 11, 2012. Most of the learners in this Algebra 1 class are classified as level three and level four ELL students (California department of Education, 1999) and most of the students speak fluent conversational English. A page from section 10.1 of the Algebra 1 textbook is include (Appendix A, Figure x), page consist of about 250 words and defines five new content specific low frequency vocabulary.Text book AnalysisSection 10.1 of the Algebra 1 textbook analysis is performed in the context of a specific classroom, students, reading proficiency, and learning goals. In essence textbook is evaluated from readers stance and the learning of complex and abstract mathematical models. Chapter 10 objective is to develop foundation to graph and solve quadratic equations (Larson, Boswell, Kanold & Stiff, 2007). Applicable California Common mettle Content Standards for maths are moderately vigor and requires students to1.Complete the square in a quadratic expression to reveal the maximum or minimal value of the function it defines. (Common Core Standard A-SSE-3b)2.Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales (limit to analogue and quadratic). (Co... ...(Exhibit C, Figure 3) of Concept Definition (CD), (Vacca, Vacca & Mraz, 2011, p.256). Graphic organizers are effective tool in conjunction with sheltered instructional pedagogy to scaffold ELL students to access grade level content . Works CitedCalifornia department of Education. (1999). Retrieved on March 10, 2012 from http//www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/englangdevstnd.pdf California department of Education, K-12 Californias Common Core Content Standards for Mathematics (2010). Retrieved March 10, 2012 from http//www.scoe.net/castandards/agenda/2010/math_ccs_recommendations.pdf Larson, R., Boswell, L., Kanold, T. D., & Stiff, L. (2006). Algebra 1. McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin.Vacca, Richard T., Vacca, Jo Anna L., and Mraz, Maryann (2011). Content Area Reading Literacy and Learning Across the Curriculum(10th Edition). Boston Pearson.

Internet as a Research Tool Essay -- Expository Web Internet Essays

mesh as a Research ToolBecause of its speed and convenience, the net profit has quickly become one of the most-used resources for gathering information. The Internet allows people to have access to a lot of information in one place, and in the convenience of their own homes. However, many problems arise when students use the Internet as a research source for school assignments. Many students are typically under the false assumption that everything on the Internet is valid if its written it must be true. Problems that emerge from using the Internet as a research tool are the quantity of information, the quality of the information, issues of plagiarism, and additional problems with worldwide Internet usage. The issues discussed in this paper are mostly referring to the information found on the Internet when students used it to do research. Most of these problems mentioned often do not apply to publications that are found in both the print form and in an online form. A misconcep tion many students often have is the belief that everything can be found on the Internet if provided with the right tools to find it. In reality, however, Marylaine Block asserts in her article entitled Getting Students Beyond The Net, that the Net represents, at most, perhaps 12% of the worlds accumulated store of information (Block, 2003, Whats Not on the Net section, para. 1). Because of various circumstances, such as the preventative cost of digitizing, lack of interest, and copyright issues, the majority of this information is not and will not ever appear on the Internet (The Second Largest Source Books section, para. 1). genuinely few periodicals earlier than 1980 have been digitized for these reasons. Therefore, most of the peri... ... March 2, 2004 from Academic Search Premier database.Mash, S. D. (2003). Libraries, Books, and Academic Freedom. Academe, (89)3, 50-54. Retrieved March 1, 2004 from Academic Search Premier database.Matthew, K. I., Varagoor, G . (2001). Student Responses to Online naturally Materials. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, (33)5. Retrieved March 4, 2004 from ERIC database.Minkel, W. (2002). Web of Deceit. School Library Journal, (48)4, 50-53. Retrieved March 4, 2004 from ERIC database.Sidler, M. (2002). Web Research and Genres in Online Databases When the Glossy paginate Disappears. Computers and Composition, (19)1, 57-70. Retrieved March 4, 2004 from ERIC database.Towson University Infotutor. Retrieved March 4, 2004 from http//cooklibrary.towson.edu/infotutor/www/web7b.cfm.

Le Corbusier Essays -- Essays Papers

Le CorbusierArchitecture is the design of individual building and garden projects that make the realm of the voids visible, memorable and ultimately, useful. Crucial to the make of any city is the clear distinction of such projects by scale and character. Firstly, the definition of buildings and landscape that builds an urban collective form, a fabric. And secondly, civic and community buildings and gardens, physically distinguishable by their institutional purpose. Architecture and Urbanism argon bound into one another through the kinds of open space, buildings and landscape, the constituent parts that they hold in common. These are types of form as opposed to particular designs. Cities depend on the repetition of these types for the heterogeneity, the redundancy and the complexity of their structure. Le Corbusier, the great Swiss Architect is often fictive as being of French origin. In actuality, he was born in 1887 as Charles Edouard Jeanneret in La Chaux-de-fonds, a watch-makin g city in Switzerland. He left wing school at age 13 to learn the trade of engraving watch faces. Encouraged by a local art teacher he taught himself architecture, travelling throughout Europe to observe architectural styles. Settling in Paris in 1917, he met Ozenfant, who introduced him to Purism, and with whom he collaborated in writing several articles nether his pseudonym (the name of a relative on his fathers side). His main interest was large urban projects and city planning. Many of his designs were rejected, but they influenced other architects throughout the world. Examples of his choke are the Unit dhabitation, Marseille (1945--50) Chandigarh, the new capital of the Punjab the Swiss Dormitory in the Cit Universitaire in Paris and the Exposition Pavilion in Zrich. In 1920 he started publishing his magazine LEsprit Nouveau, until his death in 1965. He inspired several generations of architects not only in Europe but also around the world. He was more than a mercurial innov ator. Irascible, caustic, Calvinistic, Corbusier was modern architectures conscience. One of the most famous houses of the modern movement in architecture, the Villa Savoye is a masterpiece of Le Corbusiers purist design. It is perhaps the outflank example of Le Corbusiers goal to create a house which would be a machine a habiter, a machine for living (in). Located in a suburb near P... ... history makes a lot more sense than starting from zero. It has been an expensive lesson, and not one that Le Corbusier intended, but it in addition is part of his legacy. He died in the Mediterranean in 1965.The following are celebrated quotes form Le Corbusier Architecture is the learned game, correct and magnificent, of forms assembled in the light. (1)I prefer drawing to talking. Drawing is faster, and allows less room for lies. (2) The materials of city planning are sky, space, trees, steel and cement in that order and that hierarchy. (3)Our own epoch is determining, daylight by day, its own style. Our eyes, unhappily, are unable yet to discern it. (4)A hundred times have I thought New York is a calamity and fifty times It is a beautiful catastrophe. (5)Le Corbusier himself considered his creations in the domain of visual arts of primary importance and proclaimed that his architectural creations flowed from them. His noteworthy tale there are no sculptors only, no painters only, no architects only, the plastic incident fulfills itself in an overall form in the service of poetry. explains his global commitment to the visual arts.

In Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte created a novel of social protest. :: Free Essay Writer

In Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte created a novel of social differ.Discuss why and how she did this.Step mavin--------Social protest is Mainly Charlotte Bronte was protesting against the position of middleclass women, social inequality between the rich and the poor andmarrying above or below your status. These issues were very importantin the Victorian times.Step Two--------Charlotte Bronte was very critical of the Victorian society. To herevery thing was not right (fair). The book Jane Eyre is based on atrue- liveliness story. It is same a reflection of Charlotte Brontes lifeand the way she was treated. In the book, Jane Eyre is treated verybadly because she is an orphan which means she has no money orsavings. Jane Eyre lives with her auntie but because Jane Eyre is poorshe is treated differently from her cousins. Her aunt feels that sheor her children, who are wealthy, cant be around Jane Eyre becauseshe is a poor child. This is like the life Charlotte Bronte wasliving.Charlotte Br onte was born 1816 on April the 21st in Thornton,Yorkshire, England. Her father was Patrick Bronte (1777-1861), anAnglican clergyman. Irish-born, he had changed his name from the morecommonplace Brunty.Charlotte Brontes mother was Maria Branwell Bronte altogether shehad vi children including charlotte. Mrs. Bronte was awarded arectorship in Yorkshire 1820. Soon after, Mrs. Bronte and the twoeldest children (Maria and Elizabeth) died, leaving the father to carefor the remaining three girls, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne. Also a boy,Patrick Branwell. An aunt, Elizabeth Branwell, aided their upbringing.She left her inborn Cornwall and took up residence with the family atHaworth.In 1824 Charlotte and Emily, together with their elder sistersattended Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge, nigh KirkbyLonsdale, Lancashire. The fees were low, the food unattractive, andthe discipline harsh. They did not like it one bit. Charlotte alwayscomplained and made a fuss.Charlotte and Emily returned home in June 1825, and for more than fiveyears the Bronte children learned and played there, writing andtelling romantic tales for one another(prenominal) and inventing imaginative gamesplayed out at home or on the desolate moors.In 1831 Charlotte was sent to Miss Woolers school at Roe Head, nearHuddersfield, where she stayed a year and made some lastingfriendships.In 1839 Charlotte declined a proposal from the Rev. Henry Nussey, herfriends brother, and some months later one from another youngclergyman. At the same time Charlottes ambition to make the practicalbest of her talents and the need to pay Branwells debts urged her tospend some months as governess with the Whites at Upper wood House,

Essay --

Scott Derricksons Sinister is a popular movie which is well-known by the public. It is renowned for its extremely horrifying storyline. While not only being a horror flick, this film belongs to the genre of thriller too. This movie is disturbing, as it is filled to the bound with unusual killings, and alike not forgetting the supernatural elements embedded in it. The director, Scott Derrickson, who is notable for directing many popular horror films, wrote this screenplay with the genius concept of using a found footage that he is sure will trigger the audiences curiosity. Derrickson has a really good skill set for horror. He loves the idea of elevating the genre beyond the norm. The uptake for Derrickson to film this movie happened when he had a nightmare close to going up into his attic and finding a box of Super 8 films about ghastly murders. He had been noodling around with a story based on that ever since. The chemical group of this movie is an unexpected unity as no one wo uld have foreseen something so serious to happen out of something so small. The main character, Ellison Ostwalt, played by Ethan Hawke, relays the theme really well in the movie. He is devoured by his drive and determination to return to his professional glory that he unintentionally put himself and his loved ones in danger. Derrickson uses selfishness as the theme to remind the audience how this place can lead to unpleasant consequences. Ellison Ostwalts selfishness in the movie Sinister brought upon tragedy to his family in various ways. Ellison Ostwalt, a true crime writer, is on his break fumes of fame after his best-selling book, Kentucky Blood. He is tired of not having as much popularity. As such, he is determined ... ... has correctly implied the theme in this film. This movie teaches us to not be so self-centered but to show a more caring attitude to the people surrounding us. Of course, it is most-valuable to always have the initiative to improvise and improve in what ever we are doing and in this case, our career, but only to a certain extent. Honesty is also very important as satinpod and trust are one of the many fundamental principles in maintaining a loving and caring family. As they say, honesty is the best policy. For instance, Ellison lied to his wife and hid the information about the haunted house from his family. This action has caused many consequences to all of them. Therefore, being honest is necessary too. Sinister has conveyed the theme as a message to the audience of how important is it to not be so self-conscious and to remain grounded and unselfish.

Essay --

Scott Derricksons Sinister is a popular moving-picture show which is well-known by the public. It is renowned for its exceedingly horrifying storyline. While not only being a horror flick, this film belongs to the genre of thriller too. This movie is disturbing, as it is filled to the brim with unusual killings, and also not forgetting the supernatural elements embedded in it. The director, Scott Derrickson, who is notable for directing many popular horror films, wrote this screenplay with the genius concept of using a found footage that he is sure will trigger the audiences curiosity. Derrickson has a really good skill set for horror. He loves the idea of elevating the genre beyond the norm. The inspiration for Derrickson to film this movie happened when he had a nightmare about going up into his attic and finding a box of Super 8 films about ghastly murders. He had been noodling around with a story based on that ever since. The theme of this movie is an unexpected one as no one would shoot foreseen something so serious to happen out of something so small. The main character, Ellison Ostwalt, played by Ethan Hawke, relays the theme really well in the movie. He is devoured by his drive and aspiration to return to his professional glory that he unintentionally put himself and his loved ones in danger. Derrickson uses selfishness as the theme to remind the audience how this attitude can campaign to unpleasant consequences. Ellison Ostwalts selfishness in the movie Sinister brought upon tragedy to his family in various ways. Ellison Ostwalt, a true crime writer, is on his last fumes of fame subsequently his best-selling book, Kentucky Blood. He is tired of not having as much popularity. As such, he is determined ... ... has correctly implie the theme in this film. This movie teaches us to not be so self-centered but to show a more caring attitude to the people surrounding us. Of course, it is Copernican to always have the initiative to improvise and impr ove in whatever we are doing and in this case, our career, but only to a certain extent. Honesty is also very important as honesty and trust are one of the many fundamental principles in maintaining a loving and caring family. As they say, honesty is the best policy. For instance, Ellison lied to his wife and hid the information about the haunted house from his family. This action has caused many consequences to all of them. Therefore, being honest is necessary too. Sinister has conveyed the theme as a message to the audience of how important is it to not be so self-conscious and to remain grounded and unselfish.

Potato Tuber Lab Essay

IntroductionOsmosis is a form of diffusion in which water diffuses finished a selectively permeable membrane from a region of soaring concentration to a region of raze concentration. This form of diffusion takes place when the molecules in high concentration are too large to move through the membrane. Three factors that determine cellular phone membrane permeability are shape, size, and polarity. For this experiment, it must be kept in mind that saccharose is not permeable to the cell membrane, for it is too large to pass through. The cell membrane functions to protect, separate, and regulate what goes in and out of a cell. It also allows cells to control their internal chemical environment and the availableness of important materials. In a hypertonic solution, there is a greater concentration of solute inside a cell compared to another solution (water will work from out of the white white potato vine cells and the mass will decrease). In a hypotonic solution, there is a lowe r concentration of solute compared to another solution (water will lean into the potato cells and the mass will increase).In this potato tuber lab experiment, the weight of each potato tuber after being sliced into disregard disks and rinsed was taken and recorded. The potato disks were then individually placed in sucrose solutions for exactly an hour, each cup being swirled every ten minutes. At the suppress of the hour, each group of potato tuber slices was weighed a second time to determine if there was a change in mass due to the sucrose solution. The percent change in weight among the different potato tubings was determined in order to confirm or deny our hypotheses.My null hypothesis was that the potato would not be affected by the sucrose solution, the osmotic concentration would neither increase nor decrease, therefore there would be no change in mass seen. My alternate hypothesis was that the potato would be affected by the sucrose solution (final mass) by having a highe r or a lower osmotic concentration than the initial mass, therefore there will be a change in mass seen.ResultsThe initial weight of the sliced potato tubers ranged from 4.4g to 5.4g. The final weight of the sliced and soaked potato tubers ranged from 3.6g to 5.7g. These results show that the 0.1 solution of sucrose was hypotonic, causing the sliced potato pieces to gain mass, as to where the remaining solutions of sucrose (.00, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were hypertonic, causing the sliced potato pieces to lose mass. This shows that the potato tubers were affected by the sucrose solutions. This conclusion is represented in the graph given below.DiscussionThe aspire of this experiment was to determine the osmotic concentration of sucrose within the potato tuber slices. Upon coming up with the final results of the experiment, the osmotic concentration of sucrose was reason to be .06M. For this experiment, an isotonic solution will have a molarity of .06M, as the best fit line hits the x a xis at .06M. In comparison, a hypotonic solution will have a concentration ranging from 0 M to .06M, and a hypertonic solution will have a concentration ranging from .06M or higher. This caused me to accept the alternate hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis therefore, the potato was affected by the sucrose solution as we proverb a change in mass of the potato tuber slices.

Preserve Toothbrushes Essay

Strategic planning is an important aspect for any problem or corporation. Without it, an organization has no way to achieve a stated goal. They have no way to march towards their vision. In the case of Eric Hudson, an entrepreneur with a vision, he successfully created a business with a goal in mind and implemented a strategic plan to make it happen. Every downhearted business startup has to have some edge in order to compete otherwise they will be forced out by larger, exist competitors.For pull through, this meant identifying and filling a ceding back in an industry largely consisting of multinational conglomerates. For Eric Hudson, this meant thinking critically, having a plan, and implementing it in order to carry out his vision. come to implant its niche in environmentally friendly toothbrushes. Preserve created an environmentally friendly toothbrush manufactured from recycled plastic. Further enhancing the product was a unique 45 arcdegree angled head designed by Hudson s father, an industrial engineer.At the time, the green movement was largely a niche in itself. While not a first-mover, others were already in the green products industry Preserve had a modified approach of the second-mover strategy. It did not create the green industry, but it did create a new product. It was often a small market for green products, and the products that existed were often less effective and of poor quality. However, for Eric Hudson, he made it his vision to provide an environmentally friendly product without sacrificing quality or performance.Initially, Preserves toothbrush was marketed through grassroots movements and sampling. However, it was at one of the sampling events, that an employee from Stonyfield Yogurt, an organic yogurt company, approached Preserve and relayed the information that they consistently had leftover plastic from producing yogurt containers. With this bit of information, Preserve had a new strategic alliance that provided them with the raw materials to produce its product, and Stonyfield had the ability to set ahead tself as an environmentally friendly corporation as a result of its efforts. Preserve is a small, niche brand, and like most other small niche brands, their marketing budget pales in comparison to its larger competitors. In Preserves case, they focus on generating publicity to promote and advertise their brand. The best advertising is free advertisement, and Preserve tends to generate a lot of magazine articles and television appearances. This in turn generates word of mouth testimonials, the most effective form of advertising.Businesses in general should continually strive to enhance their business model and update their strategic plan. A SWOT analysis is a useful tool for examining a business and how it is meeting its basic mission. By comparing the firms strengths and weaknesses with external opportunities and threats, a SWOT analysis provides managers with a view of the organizations internal and ex ternal environments. In turn, this analysis can be used to determine if the firm is meeting expectations or if it is on track to meet expectations.Preserves director of marketing, C. A. Webb, admits that she doesnt actually perform SWOT analysiss, but certainly uses that form of thinking consistently when implementing new products, distribution channels, designs, or other decisions. In fact, it was this style of thinking that led to Preserve to focus its effort on packaging its unknown product in order to draw to a more sophisticated market and consumer. It was crucial to target a specific audience because retailers could not devote large amounts of shelf space to a small brand such as Preserve.So Preserve made it their mission to go up against their large competitors in the only way thinkableout marketing them. Business strategy and strategic plans are crucial for any business, small, medium, or large. Preserve certainly provides an excellent example of the necessity of a strateg ic plan and how following one can lead to success, provided the organization has the necessary strengths and environment as can be determined by a SWOT analysis. Preserves success can certainly be attributed to a successful business plan, as well as careful planning. some(prenominal) are important lessons to be taken away from Preserves market presence.

Respect Essay

I welcome been told that I need to write a 1000 word show on dis applauding a Non commission ships officer. But it is in reality hard to write intimately this because I am having a hard time wondering how I slacknessed them. So, where do I start on this and what do I consecrate about it. As far as this essay goes I am just deviation to write how I feel about respect and how respect works both ways. It is wrong to disrespect a Non Commissioned Officer because they are institute higher up me to guide me to the right place and things to do.But it is really hard to respect person when they do not respect you. Respect works both ways and if that person or leadership does not respect you trying to respect them is difficult. No matter what is said it is disrespect. For exampleI am committal to writing this because I was called about a meeting that my team leader decided he wanted to spring on the squad after we were released for the day. When I asked the squad leader was the m eeting about something that we could have discussed the next business day, he replied no, with a sly smirk on his face.As he began to talk it was distinctly the same information that was put out at the end of business. I do not cheat how that was disrespect when it was the truth. In regards to this essay I am not sure what to say about disrespect other then it works both ways. They tell you to respect the rank not the person barely when that person abuses the rank it is really hard to respect it. I think that in todays coupled States Army no one view anybody the way that they should be.They are too quick to say that you are disrespecting them and that they are just trying to make you better but they are disrespecting you in the processes. How stack you work for someone or some place when all that they do is disrespect you and everything that you do no matter what it is? When I first came in the United States Army a Non Commissioned Officer would work with you on how to be a w ell behaved soldier and ventureually sit with you and respect you on what you were doing if you did a good job and worked hard they didnt try to beat you down to where you just give up on everything.I used to respect everyone that was above me because they cared about you as a person they respected you and helped you with the hard things that were thrown at you and made sure that you were good not just quick to divulge them and kick them out of the United States Army. They had an interest in you as a person and if they had something to learn from you then they would respect you enough to ask for help and respect you enough to talk to you. Respect and disrespect is a hard topic because I am a strong believer in respect someone and you will receive respect brook or treat someone the way that you want to be treated.The whole time that I have been back in the United States Army the Non Commissioned Officers that were above me were basically like new privates. They were new to the job and they didnt experience a lot about it. I know that I have been in the United States Army for only a short time and I am only a specialist, I have worked with someone above me disrespecting me not just as a soldier, but as a human being. I feel that leadership should stop turning what people say into disrespect it was not that way AT ALL.I was just asking a questioning and stating the obvious, not disrespecting that person. You know they always preach about disrespect but they do not give respect at all. So as far as this essay goes how do I write it to what they want because no matter what is said in here they will one way or another say it is disrespect or some other form of berating them. 1 Respect and disrespect is an important part of a soldier Non Commissioned Officer relationship and needs to be enforced upon not only the soldier but also the Non Commissioned Officer and Officers.I have had a really hard time in this company because I think that people just think that I a m just disrespecting them instead of cutting to know their soldiers and how their soldiers talk and phrase things. They are quick to just say HA you disrespected me. I have seen way worse disrespect then what I have ever done to anyone. In my eyes disrespect is if you just plainly say hell no or fuck off. I have never done that and yet they automatically think that if you are asking them why you are told to do something it is disrespect but in fact is not disrespect it is that the soldier is trying to learn from them.If I remember correctly the Non Commissioned Officer Creed states Competence is my watchword. My two basic responsibilities will always be uppermost in my mind-accomplishment of my mission and the welfare of my soldiers. I will strive to remain tactically and technically proficient. I am aware of my role as a Noncommissioned Officer. I will fulfill my responsibilities inherent in that role. All soldiers are entitled to outstanding leadership I will domiciliate that le adership. I know my soldiers and I will always place their needs above my own.I will communicate consistently with my soldiers and never leave them uninformed. I will be fair and impartial when recommending both rewards and punishment. But it seems that only a few of the Non Commissioned Officers respect the lower enlisted. Why should soldiers words get twisted and why is that NCOs are not respecting the soldiers and their needs. We need to be respected that is one of the many needs of the soldiers of today. That is why a lot of soldiers act out against Non Commissioned Officers.Ok so disrespect is all on what that person thinks is being said to them not really how and what is being said. When someone makes a statement and the other person comments on it, it is not disrespect it is just informing them on what they think. How is that disrespecting them? There is also a little thing that Non Commissioned Officers should do and that is lead by example and not respecting a soldier is no t leading by example it is showing that that what is good for the goose is good for the gander or do as I say and not as I do 2

Language and Arthur Millers skills as a dramatist Essay

A view from the bridge is a two-act tragic count by Arthur Miller in the mid 50s. This play puts light on the working American-Sicilian population, in particular the Carbone family, the head of which is Eddie Carbone. In this essay I pass on be analysing Eddie Carbones character whilst occasionally making comments on the lyric poem and Arthur Millers skills as a dramatist. Eddie is a simple, straight forward humans that lives with his beloved wife and niece. Alfieri describes Eddie as a long shore man.He is very protective over his orphaned niece, Catherine. Arthur Miller uses informal language to show Eddies social class. It is worthy to none that Arthur Miller was skilfully competent to come down to the status of long shore man and was able to produce speech successfully in their tone and language. Eddie is portrayed as generous, but at the same time selfish and self-protective. This is since, although he is generous to chap his home to two of his wifes cousins, Marco and Ro dolfo, he believes he is Superior.This is shown as he reminds Beatrice not to offer them his bed and he is very jealous of anyone that gets besides close to Catherine. This jealousy also adds to his hardship in accepting Rodolfo and Catherines relationship, another reason to this envy is his over-protective nature. He has brought up Catherine as his own young woman and feels afraid to let her grow up, so he cannot face her having any relation to other men. Eddies wife, Beatrices is unhappy with Eddies attitude towards Catherine, which presently starts to create a rift between the couple.Its been many days and nights since you havent slept with me shows that Eddie has been so caught up in Catherine and making sure she does not fall for Rodolpho, that he begins to forget about his duties as a husband. Further into the play, Eddie begins to feel another emotion towards Catherine sexual attraction. This is shown by many things which happen throughout the play. He quickly begins to fe el extremely jealous of the immediate impression Rodolfo makes on Catherine.The stage directions state at a point, He looks at Catherine resembling a lost boy, when she reveals her feeling for Rodolfo to him, but he is unable to admit it to everybody else. Furthermore, Eddie becomes so obsessed with Catherine, that he has no control over his emotions for causa Catherine begins to like Rodolpho, Eddie cannot control himself and has to find a way to vent his anger, so He decides to hurt Rodolpho, by using an exercise of teaching him to box,you ever do any boxing?Eddie, at this point, feels so remorseless, that even when Rodolpho refuses to get hold of him, I dont want to hit you Eddie, he stills feels like the need to hit him, showing how obsessed he is. Moreover, Eddie becomes too interested into the relationship between Catherine and Rodolpho, that he involves the Immigration Bureau, this is because he could not spilt the true love apart. In the eye of the audience and the other characters, it causes Eddies remaining follows to be thrown in the dirt.As in any community, even though there whitethorn be accused, the government should not be called in, otherwise the one, who spread the word, shall not be respected by all others and therefore, he becomes an out-cast. His redemption occurs towards the end of the play. His honour is restored with his own death. This is as he forces with Marco and ultimately dies, but he accepts his fate, and therefore restoring his respect and honour. In this part of the play, he also shows how he had planned the fight and was so obsessed that he brought a knife and fought like a coward.This brought his redeemed respect again to an all time low. Society respects a man, who acts like a man, and Eddie in this part, fights like a coward, which is unacceptable in the society. In conclusion, Eddie, although being a real man at the start, ends his life in a shameful and cowardly way. In my analysis, I have shown how Arthur Miller por trays this in an effective and skilful way, which shows his brilliant ability as a writer. I feel that A View from the Bridge is a very high-quality book with a interesting and deep story, giving it full marks in my view.

Religion Is More Effective Social Control Mechanism Essay

In the discussion of this work, I feed divided it into three main segment . The first parts would consider the introduction which would give tongue to intimately the concept of pietism and that of social look. In the same section I would also consider the position of Ross as stating that religion is a to a greater extent social control mechanism that enacted laws of society. The second and third part would look at how these religious elements would or can inform crime prevention and live the conclusion respectively.By definition religion has been defined by many scholars in various ways according to their perspectives but all(prenominal) seems to be pointing at one being which the whimsy in the supernatural. For the purpose of this work, I would go for the definition according to J. B Pratt (1920 p. 2). According to J B Pratt, religion is the earnest and social attitude of individuals and communities towards the power or powers which they conceive of as having ultimate contr ol over their interest, and destinies.This definition was captured by Max Assimeng In his book trust and Social Change in gold coast introduction to the study of religion. Based on this and many of the definition on religion, I agree with Ross that religion is a more effective social control mechanism that enacted laws for society. What is social control one may ask? Social control in its broader champion is the system of maintaining law and order in society and ensuring that members of society conform to the accepted ways of behavior. (Nukunya, 199281).This definition of religion and social control takes us to the basic argument of Ross for postulating that religion is a more effective social control mechanism that enacted laws for society is order in the macro theory of social control as suggested by Abotchie (2012). In this theory Ross argued that instead of thinking that social control mechanism could be found in some conventional laws constructed by some individuals or grou ps, one should think of it as embedded in the belief systems which is grounded in religion.For him, a persons behavior is determine by the fact that he fears the wrath of the supernatural and this make him to conform to the laws of society. This belief can be supported by a verse in the Christian bible that states that behold I come quickly and my reward is with me, to give every according to his work shall be (Rev. 2212). As an organisation, the marriage institution was and still can be lively bringing in elements such as the traditional social control mechanism.This is because they take in these mechanisms such as the concept of psychic padlock and gbolomagba for instance was and can still be useful combating crimes such as infidelity and adultery as postulated by Abotchie. Thus, this belief is the believe vested in the gods and the spate trusted in their powers and so send their cases to them for a verdict to be given where the offenders may be dealt with severely if found gui lty.Again religion serves as social control mechanism that enacted laws for the people in a sense and thereby preventing crimes in Ghana as it is believe that the offences committed strikes at the collective conscience of the community represented by the ancestors. Thus people would not do certain things such as destroying a clans totem. This action would inform crime prevention in that it would prevent people from poaching in the Ghanaian society.Among some communities in Ghana however the people believe that committing suicide is an act of abomination which is punishable the ancestors. Also people see this suicide as associated by evil aliveness and that a family with such records for instance would be refuse marriages from other families. This instance may instill into the people a sense of refraining from committing such acts. In Ross supposition, the political system of the country is also influenced by religion as a control mechanism.For instance, before a person is elected i nto office, the Holy Bible or the Holy Quran IS given to the person to swear with. This is done because it is believe that the taking of the oath would compel the person to conform to the rules and regulations since the infringement of the laws would bring about inner sanctions between the individual and the supernatural. As a means of informing crime prevention in Ghana, religion provides a sense of community where people find security and safety.This has to a large extent brought some prevention since the desperate and the dejected could find belongingness within these bodies and would allow them to refrain from acts which otherwise would have been unlawful in our society. Thus for Ross religion gives assurance as it is stated in the bible seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness and all other things shall be added unto you (math 633).

Human Resource Management in Brunei Essay

Rousseau (1990) defines culture as a set of common values and understandings obtained through socialization (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2008). As such, the Islamic laws define the fundamental customs and life-style of Bruneians. Neverthe little(prenominal), culture is an elusive behavior, which can be refined and redefined as the macro-environment assortments. We explore how attitudes and perspective can be changed, in order to better adapt to technologies through laws and policies, without contradicting the essentials of Islamic culture thus improving their thriftiness.The General Order in Brunei provides employees with high social security and benefits they argon entitled to lifetime employment (Dore, 1973). and so guide to insufficient supply of jobs for the younger generation who makes up the coarsest percentage of the unemployment rate. Additionally, paternalism is evident in Brunei superiors act as a father figure in the organization and employees show utmost res pect for their managers. Thus illustrating the relationship between cultural influences and organizational behavior.Foreign investments and tourism in Brunei bring in been severely keep referable to their inflexible Islamic culture, hence affecting Bruneis integration with the world. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Pakistan, the importance of liberation of visa regulations volition boost tourism and trade opportunities (Ying Chua, 2010). nonetheless in Brunei, regulations on foreign investments must comply with the standard of their Islamic laws, which hinder growth. Thus, exemplifying that culture affects its economy as it set the boundary of Bruneis business environment.It is difficult for Brunei to fully integrate their economy with western countries due to very differing culture. Nonetheless, she can aim to be the capital for the Islamic world. For example, it can be the financial capital for the Middle Eastern countries, or even the world main supplier for Halal nutriment in the world. This acts as a double-edge sword for Brunei beca drug abuse Brunei will not compromise their rich culture for economical gains. However before attaining such standards, Brunei has to examine their expert infrastructure and whether Bruneians argon ready to adapt themselves for changes.Bruneians pride themselves on their rich Islamic culture hence they are less receptive to changes that appear to be in conflict. The sultanate laws never inculcated the use of engineering until the mid 21st century, the government through its education system (Ganske & Hamidon, 2006). However the older generation, which the acidifyforce mainly consists, is less responsive to such drastic changes. Firstly, it is against their culture to voice differing viewpoints to their superiors as it is reckoned disrespectful therefore, severely curtailing their hatchway thus breeding complacency and conformity. Secondly, the insufficiency of formalization (Chan, Foo, Nelson, Timbr ell, & Othman, 2010) contradicted the implementation of new technologies the announcement to embark on e-government (a B$1 billion project) was made in 2000 but it was not until 2003 that the actual planning started (Kifle & Cheng, 2009), this 3 years bedspread have left many an(prenominal) Bruneians confused about the process and progress.Language is wear of a countrys culture. (Bakar, 2008). Therefore any style differences, will significantly hinder Bruneians adaptation to technology. Bruneis national language is Malay while new technologies developed are instructed in English. This sudden change in the use language has adversely impeded on their adaptation. Nevertheless, this is single applicable to the older generation as Brunei government has enforced bilingualism in their certain education system. A shift in their language culture from solely Malay to bilingualism will enhance their adaptation to new technology hence fulfilling Bruneis vision of becoming an e-governme nt whereby all traditional manual paperwork are electronically done.It is indisputable that Brunei will always be ruled by a unmitigated set of Islamic laws, which forms the core principle of the country. Nonetheless, the problems faced by Brunei can be corrected through prudent laws and policies that can be inculcated as part of their culture. refining shapes the fundamental of the legal and political system in Brunei. The Sultanate laws favour the Brunei Malays because of their shared values and customs while indigenous minorities are viewed inferior (Braighlinn, 1992). This partial tone treatment could potentially jeopardies Bruneis economy by distancing relationships with developed countries because of very differing culture and customs and these developed countries have valuable resources, which Bruneians can acquire from. For example, good professionals from other countries will be hesitant to enter Bruneis workforce because they have s down in the mouther social advancement and benefits. This can be improved on without changing the core principles of Islamism.Further more(prenominal), it is because of their traditional principle of strict essence of conformity and consensus (Kramar & Syed, 2012) that has tremendously thwarted their countrys worldwide integration. Bruneis doctrine, does not lay off organization or undivided to challenge the government and its policies, has adversely stunts employees initiative. The Majesty criticized their work indifference, working just like a robot with no direction, initiative or common sense (Low, Zain, & Ang, 2012). Such inflexible and flaccid work-attitude, would only curtail individuals motivation at work and more drastically, leading to colossal losses to the organization.To a great extent culture sets the tone of how a country should be governed by defining the boundaries of their operations. However, we can no all-night say that a countrys culture is a separate entity from its political system or from it s economy or even their adaptation to technology. Culture orientates the parameters of ones laws and policies, which in turn affects the growth of its economy. Likewise, a technologically cultured country brought about through good policies, could bring about many benefits to its economy. All these factors are intertwined and together they work as a whole system as to how a country, whether private or public companies, should be run.However there are certain strategies which the government can undertake to help individual adapt to the technology.The political science Employee Management System (GEMS) is a project, which aims in achieving an interactive and integrated public service. (Brunei Government Prime Ministers Office 2010)Human pick Management (HRM) consists of 2 main functions the process of managing people in the organization in a structured and thorough manner, e.g. hiring people and retention of people. Secondly, the management of people within an organization e.g. manag ing relationship between management and employees.Critically, HRM requires the use of technology-based platforms to ensure efficiency and high-productivity of an organization. Thus, the importance of implementing GEMS and ensuring success to facilitate HRM better.Introduction of the use of technical system for HRMGovernment Employee Management System (GEMS) is a web-based system that enables, businesslike data input and great transparency, which allows better management of HRM practices such as recruitment, compensation and benefit. (Brunei Government Prime Ministers Office 2010)To achieve greater effectiveness, GEMS will automate a significant number of tasks that were previously done manually. Employees information will now be kept in a database tender to all departments, and it will be easily attainable. It would fasten decision-making because information would be readily available whenever required.Responses of Advancement of technology in HRMHowever, GEMS was not well recei ve by employees. The Majority of the population belongs to the Malay community, thus finding it difficult to adapt to the English web-based system.Strategies that involve Human Resource enable individual employees to countersink themselves to technological changesRe-training of EmployeesGEMS was found as a complex system, training is thus, crucial to suffice staff and officers to adapt and operate GEMS efficaciously.Training will greatly assist employees to better manage GEMS, as employees would be able to constructively operate the new system independently.Further mentoring is needed to ensure employees have fully dig the use of the system. At the same time creating a sense of achievement and often boost employees morale.However, there are several disadvantages and cost to re-train employees. Firstly, the large amount of people in an organization makes it difficult to schedule trainings (N Nayab 2010). Secondly, training requires a lot of time and ample resources, which could b e economically disadvantageous in the short run. Hence, organization should thoroughly consider the pro et contra before sending employees for re-trainings.Motivating of employeesAnother key approach to assist staff and officers to adapt effectively to such changes is through motivation.Rewarding EmployeesA reward system can be created to encourage the use of technology. A good strategy to ensure adaptation for employees would be the use of monetary benefits. For example, HRM could implement an incentive plan by recognizing its employees for its efforts to adapt and use new technologies. It aims to acknowledge good performance and address the gap between the organization goals set for employees and the final outcomes.Increase job satisfaction of employeeThe more contented an employee is with its job, the higher possibility an employee would be adaptive to changes. (Richard W. Scholl 2003) Employers can consider satisfying employees job satisfaction, such as pay, working hours and jo b security. With job satisfaction, employees would be more adaptive to changes and the willingness to ensure effective operation of GEMS, which in gist beneficial to the company in the long run.However, motivation is subjective. While it can empower employees and employers, its effect may be short term. Therefore, effort must be made consistently, for it will not be able to fulfil its long term effect of adaptation towards new organization goals.Strategies by Singapore GovernmentA countrys adaptation towards technology is nurtured over time, and Singapore is a good example for Brunei to help individual adapt to technology.Singapore encourages technology development in its bid to become the next Silicon Valley (Gregory Gromov 1986). Singapore Government has created schemes and funding, which include cash grants, tax incentives and debt financing (AsianOne 2009). Brunei Government could overly implement special schemes and grants dedicated to attract setup and ensure success, encour aging entry of foreign technology investors. This will subsequently, benefit Brunei as it helps risk reduction, in harm of investment in the long run.To further encourage the development of new innovations, SPRING Singapore has a special Technology Innovation computer programme (TIP) for those who are able to develop new inventions or improve existing ones (SPRING Singapore 2012). Such programs and campaigns could be implemented in Brunei, encouraging Brunei to be undetermined to the latest technology available, resulting in the increase of tech savvy consumers over the years.The above are just some strategies, which Brunei can adopt to help individual adapt to technological changes. There are many other strategies and prudent policies which Brunei can mirror, modeled by the western countries without compromising its core principle of Islamism.HRM is not culturally neutral. The nature of the scope is linked with local institutions, moil laws, corporate strategies and industrial relations vary greatly across national borders.Social RightsBruneian adheres to the MIB ideology, a set of guiding values with the incorporation of the importance of Islam as a religion. This strict rule over the country means there are limitations to the freedom of speech, freedom of associations and collective poting (Kramar & Syed, 2012). However, despite the strict conformity, the government has adopted flexible and family-friendly policies (Kramar & Syed, 2012). For instance, General Order states that one should work no more than 8 hours and there are flexibilities when family responsibilities arise.America offers a much higher degree of freedom to its people. In the case of her stipulated law, employees shall have the right to organize and to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and shall be free from the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers. in the designation of such representatives. (Stough, 1933). This leads to the formation of Labour Unions, which give the workers rights to negotiate terms with the management.The political system of the two countries sets them apart. In Brunei, HRM has to adhere to the countrys strict conformity, affecting multiple HRM issues such as appointments, discipline, work etiquette and appointments. Its people have little or no say over what is decided for them, opposed America. This social rights has seen the formation of Labour unions an idea in which the government of Brunei will never tolerate.SocioculturalIndividualism vs. CollectivismBrunei is more of a collectivist the working environment culture is such that the people who work together are well-nigh knitted, like a big family (Salleh & Clarke). Supervisors and officers are treated with respect like that of a parent (Kramar & Syed, 2012). Employees have no qualms sharing any problems and issues with their managers. Such wanton relationship leads to total stanchty to their group it gives the workers the sense of belon ging and security.America, on the other hand, is equal by individualism (Gorrill, 2007). The need to develop personal relationships is less significant in comparison to Brunei. Individual performances are, instead, highly valued in American culture managers are only approached for help in essential situations (Gorrill, 2007). The American corporations subscribe to formal corporate planning procedures and are generally viewed as unconcerned with promoting long-term loyalty to the organisation (Beechler, Najjar, Stucker, & Bird, 1996). Thus, a highly competitive work ethic is cultivated, leading to less job securityLow vs. High Power DistanceWith a hierarchical relationship in place, Brunei is thought to take a high power distance. However, it is not the case. The nurturance and care provided to the subordinates by their superiors imply that a paternalistic relationship is present (Aycan, et al., 2001). In return, the subordinate are loyal to their superior. The relationship positiv ely impacts on the employee participation rates in decision making and problem solving. Evidently, it lowers the power distance between managers and their subordinates.Western cultures are, more than often, represented with a low power distance, thus a certain degree of informality is present. However, in America, an authoritative and organisational hierarchy is very much accepted and intrench in its business culture (Dana, 2010). In other words, decisions are made from the top. The hierarchical chain of command often supersedes personal relationship and clear distinctions are made between work colleagues and friends (Gorrill, 2007). These leads to a significant power distance between managers and employees.EconomyThe economic context of a country is hardly certain and stable, but it is most likely to have long-term consequences for HRM (Kramar & Syed, 2012). The supply and demand of labour forces vary accordingly to the countrys unemployment level.Supply and demand of labour forc eThe benefits offered by the Bruneis public sector, coupled with the family-style work culture, create a stable and secured work environment. As such, a job position will, almost, only be available when someone retires or resigns (Kramar & Syed, 2012). This brings about minimal turnover and thus, leads to an oversupply of labour force.America also faces unemployment issues but however, causes and implications are different and unlike Brunei, the issue is not a long term one. In theStates, companies are unconcerned with long time loyalty and retrenchment may occur due to poor performances, intensifying job competition (Gorrill, 2007).Despite facing similar unemployment problems, HRM from the two countries has to tackle the problem very differently. When 1,000 applicants apply for a job with only 4 vacancies, HRM in Brunei has to ensure the right people are hired for the jobs (Kramar & Syed, 2012). (Salleh & Clarke)While in America, HRM faces the challenges of recruiting people for jo bs because intense job competitions bring about a lack of job security.BibliographyAsianOne (2009), Singapore foment Holdings Ltd., Singaporeans second most tech savvy in the world, viewed 15 February 2013 .Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R. 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Marketing plan †Huawei Essay

This selling plan is speci whollyy measured to the company Huawei. Huawei is an international company which produces devices for telecommunication, with their phones being the most primary(prenominal) product. Their vision is to deliver electronic communicating solutions to make the life of their consumers better. This grocerying plan is requested by Huawei to find a way to accelerate the sales of Huaweis phones internationally, with a targeted 10% rise in market share in Europe. In this advertise the proposition of the marketing plan can be found, with specific data about the diametrical subjects and explanation of a market winning approach. We will start by analysing the company and the environment, to define the SWOT of the organization. Afterwards we will introduce these conclusions into a ground substance where it will be visible what the companys best aspects are. Then we will choose strategic options and further instruct on the matter. Next, we will occasion a mix of s trategic marketing aspects that will further help to develop the importance on how and where to place the advertisements and stores and so on. Finally, a fiscal compend will be done in order to predict the costs Huawei is going to make on this venture, and whether or non their refreshing mission come alongs feasible. This report has been pee-peed by Quirijn, Ruben, Robbert, Amine and Erim.Management summaryThis marketing plan gives answers to the question whether it is feasible for Huawei to increase daub awareness in Europe by open up a market campaign and to increase market share with 10% in spite of appearance 4 years. The research phase had various angles.Based on micro, macro and meso level some interesting strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are revealed. The most important ones are (Strength )Huawei has a great cost advantages in comparison with the competition. (Weakness) Inability to maintain in high spirits character reference master key fruit serv ice and sales support in western markets (Opportunity) Huawei offers blue priced phones, which can be actually attractive for people affected by the financial crisis. (Threat) A chaw of competition in the western markets.The internal analysis consist out of various models. The canvas model was created to analyse Huawei as a company. Within the BCG-matrix, Huaweis smartphones are placed as a question mark. And the com vagabonded Abell matrix shows that Huawei targets students and the most important need is the price and the most important technologies are calling and texting, internet and connectivity.On external level a survey is conducted within this marketing plan. The most striking result is from the question Do you know Huawei?. 53% of the surveyed audience was not aware of what Huawei is as a brand.Within the Meso level, Porters five forces is analysed. The most important findings are The powerfulness of the customers is not particular strong.The threat of new entrants is n ot very impactful as Apple and Samsung are the undisputed leaders. If done right the power of substitutes can see an impact on the market. There is no threat in the power of the suppliersHuawei operates within a highly competitive market, the rivalry is massive.After doing research on 5 strategies, the best strategy proven is the impression-cost strategy. The reason it is a perfect match for Huawei is because they are subject, because of their cost-saving combined with their excellent financial situation, to sell their products for a lot less than the competitionThe BCG matrix is an analytical tool for companies to evaluate their occupancy units and their business potential. With help from this matrix Huawei can create and adapt marketing strategies, product strategies and much, all to help the strategic management of a company. The BCG matrix connects a companys market share with a companys growth rate. The model is divided into four areas, the stars, dogs, cash cows and quest ion marks.Huawei and its mobile phones are placed in the box of question marks. Its put in this box because of the fact that the worldwide market share of Huaweis mobile phone is relatively low, and the market growth rate, again worldwide, is relatively high, with expanding markets all over the world. Market leaders already eat established and a lot of companies operate in this market, but because of the wide and depth of the mobile market there is still a lot of potential for Huawei. In the coming time they will find out if their question mark can stimulate a star.Abell modelThe Abell model is a model for seeing in what kind of market a company operates. With segments, ask and technologies there is a speedily overview of what a company or a product is about.The Abell matrix for smart phone HuaweiStudents, young starters and parents are the main segments that Huawei is targeting, excluding senior citizens and children. The most important needs are the price of the phone, togethe r with its appearance and the quality. Convenience is important but not a main objective. The technologies specific to the phone are being able to call and text, having internet, and being able to connect all around the world. Interactive display and such, are also not the main objective.Strengths & WeaknessesStrengths1. Huawei has very strong financial position. Being financial healthy path that they can investment and start new projects.2. They have great cost advantages in comparison with the competition, this allows them to produce against low prices and have low production costs.3. Because of these great cost advantages Huawei is able to sell products against relatively low prices. This gives them a huge competitive benefit4. Huawei has high brand recognition and is rapidly increasing their brand awareness in their new markets, such as Europe, which gives them fast closure to the big brands.5. Superior technologies enable Huawei to beget with fast efficient solutions, and giv es the whole company effective process.6. Huawei has a very high customer loyalty. Customers are satisfied and keep their preference for the brand, which allows Huawei to focus to a greater extent on finding new customers.7. R&D is a very strong department within Huawei technologies, having R&D centres all over the world, to create products that are needed by every person all over the world.8. Their market share in the African markets is very high and Huawei invests a lot here, which pays off with a high return rate.9. Huawei has a broad range in products, which give them the beneficial ability to provide end-to-end solutions, keeping more customer processes inside Huawei.10. They have a strong connection with the Chinese government, which helpsthem to maintain their number one position in China.Weaknesses1. the supply chain of Huawei has a lot of flaws, with late and insufficient deliveries occurring. This is partly because of the high amount of products and the market penetration in the US and Europe.2. the customer service is not what it should be, not relations with customer complaints properly, mainly because there starting services in Europe and the lack of integration with supporting services.3. Inability to maintain high quality professional services and sales support in Western markets.4. Except for China, Huawei lacks the strong global physical presence that a company needs to establish itself as a true market leader.5. contracts with the most important and biggest server providers are not optimal, which prevents an efficient integration between product and server.6. Huawei excels at telecommunication, but does not have much experience in their new services, and does not have the same knowledge to overcome difficulties that some of their big competitors do.7. The brand image of Huawei is generally focused on their mobile process and selling, and customers are on a large scale unaware of the other practices of the company8. employee satisfaction is high within Huawei, but a lot of complaints arise from workers that operate in Huaweis supply chain, which has a negative effect on how ethical Huawei is.9. Huawei still depends on their low-pricing strategy, and has no alternative selling strategys for their products.10. Huaweis ties to the Chinese government are a strength, but is at the same time a weakness, as it complicates creating relationships with other specific governments, such as the US.MESO analysisMeso SWOTStrength R&D, patent ownership, growing their innovative and advanced technological products which have earned their global recognition Weaknesses Lack in transparency and image of secrecy, worrying companies and governments who might otherwise trust the brand to protect valuable aegis information. Huawei has failed to understand the US legal system and market demands, as well as its image as a risk to national security which has resulted in its failed acquisitions. Opportunities Continued innovations and technology advances. The continued growth and expansion of technology usage and literacy offer both brands unlimited growth opportunities, so long as they remain ahead of the competition though continued improvement. Threats R&D takes time, if the competition provides solutions first, the brand will struggle to deal. Development in this industry is simply unfit as the business relies upon continued growth of the internet and internet-based-systems. Merger and acquisitions have no assurance and are inherently risky, particularly in this industry out-of-pocket to the advanced, high-technology companies with particularly high overhead and sunk costs. Global politics and exchange rates are also a threat to international trade as a whole.Porters five forcesNow that Huawei is entering the European market there are certain things to take note of. Porters Five Forces helps us define which types of pressures could be present that have to be identified before entering a competitive market like the smartphone business Huawei is entering on a regional scale. role of customersThe power of customers in the particular market is not that strong. There isnt a lot of make for into the product directly by the consumers.Whatever features are implemented into the product is similar to those of the competition, and is broadly influenced by the R&D departments. So the customers will largely decide on preference of design or depending on the price that is being offered. Altogether there are not endless choices for the customers to choose between. This means that the customers simply dont have the power to strongly influence the market by demanding critical changes from a product or brand. Power of new entrantsThe threat of new entrants is also not very impactful for the market Huawei is entering. This is especially overdue to the reason that it takes a certain brand awareness to convince a large number of the (potential) buyers into buying the new product they are bringing to the mark et. However, when this product is pass a whole range of new features or improvements that seem very attractive, this may threaten the existing products on the market, making them harder to promote against a superior product. But in almost any case it doesnt seem feasible to go up against popular brands like Apple and Samsung. This means that, overall, new entrants arent expected to be a huge threat. Power of substitutesHuawei is financially very strong and strives for operational excellence in which they score relatively high already. This means that they are able to offer considerably low prices compared to competitive brands on the market. At the same time they are able to offer stylish designs and similar features to other brands. This means that Huawei is able to give consumers a choice that they will most likely not regret, but before they do so they are going to have to decide to trust Huawei into fling them a worthy product. The marketing campaign must show the difference Hu awei is bringing to the market, and with that they have to convince the consumers of something worth buying. This will prove difficult however, due to the fact that a lot of people have already been convinced by the flashy designs of Apple for instance. The brand is already widely-known and both Apple and Samsung honor a great deal or the market share today. This means that eventually the power of substitutes is rather high at this point and probably the biggest enigma on the board for Huawei. Power of suppliersThe power of suppliers doesnt have to be seen as a threat to Huawei. They are importing from their region of origin, namely southeast Asia. They enjoy low labor and production costs overall, which goes in combination with high efficiency meaning they are able to keep costs very low. There are many different suppliers for the raw materials that needed for the production process which also lowers the power of the suppliers. RivalryEventually the market proves to be a highly competitive one, especially if we start talking about Apple and Samsung who are highly involved in the mix. They are offering high quality products, one for relatively high and one for relatively low prices. They have similar features but some small differences, mostly in handling the device. It mostly comes down to the design of a smartphone, as almost all brands offer pretty much the same features. This means that the product with the strongest marketing campaign offering the flashiest design will most likely hit the jackpot and win the hearts of most customers which means that this is going to be very challenging for Huawei to compete against. So basically the market growth is rather high as technology development is an ongoing process and there are several key players in the market meaning that they are calling the shots. Huawei has to gain trust in potential customers and attract them by offering as flashy as the newest model Apple has brought to the market, and give it some ex tra features in order to make the difference.

Does Modern Technology Make Life More Convenient, or Was Life Better When Technology Was Simpler?

Does upstart technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? As a matter of fact, nowadays, technology plays an important role in peoples life, to extent they cannot imagine their lives without role of technology, simply, because they live in the speed time. I mention bellow how technology makes life more convenient. First and foremost, todays generation is not like old generation.For instance, in the past people did face many difficulties when they get along their duties, particularly when they gaudy their clothes, whereas, today everybody cleans her or his clothes by washing-machine which makes their life more comfortable. moreover, it protects their hands from chemical elements which is in the sludge of washing clothes, so, washing-machine is so important and required.Secondly, students are the most people who need technology in their life, especially the Internet, todays students are more open for the world rather than before, for instan ce, in the past students average used the books to do their search because their subjects were easy, simple and short, whereas, nowadays students are more development, advance and independence. Therefore, they need something which helps them to perform their search such as Computer with Internet because their searches are wide and include many info which cannot find them easily from books, thus, they use internet to find these information.In this way, they overcome the difficulties which students were face them before. In conclusion, I believe that technology makes our modern life more convenient, although, there are advantages and disadvantages of the effect of the technology on ourselves only when the advantages are more than disadvantages, especially, when we back to home in the summer, we need something cold to during from the refrigerator or cold weather from the AC. there is not argument the life before was simple and quite but there was difficulties in performing the dutie s.

It Is Often Easier to Figth for Principles Than to Liv Up to Them

Adlai Stevenson once commented, It is often easier to fight for principles than to live up to them. found o your reading, observation, or experience, to what extent to you agree or disagree with Stevensons words? Please take a leak examples that support your point of view. One man said, I dont agree with what you say, but I defend with my life your right to say it, thus, expressing the importance of the right of free speech. Many principles, for example justice, commonwealth and equality, which nowadays are taken for granted in the developed world, are the outcome of a capacious struggle through the ages.However, it is often said that people are more eager to fight for what they remember is right and just, than to live by the rules they have fought for. In my opinion, this is a solid argument which can be proven by several examples. Throughout human history there have been many examples of rebellions, which begun urged by idealism but afterwards lost their way. The most recent are the ones who took place for the sake of communism. To be more precise, communist rebels declared equal rights and a society without social classes, principles that were left aside as soon as the revolution was over and the government was a communist one.Communist leaders then, confirm extreme measures as the only way to establish and maintain their ideals against capitalistic foes, depriving human rights, which were the main fillip of the rebellion. Another clue is how most people differentiate their principles and priorities as they grow older. It is mostly youngsters, especially the literate ones, who demonstrate a rebellious spirit against any violation of their principles. However, as years go by and student life is replaced by career and family obligations, these principles begin to fade away.Life is full of dilemmas and only the inexpugnable ones put aside personal interest for the sake of principles and beliefs. When someone is fighting for an ideal, he is comforted by the thought that, despite the danger, he is doing the right thing. He is doing something for the common good and that makes him feel a go of a larger group of common believers. One the other hand, when the goal is achieved and his ethical defenses are down, it is laborious and inconvenient to live by lofty principles. Priorities change and principles are considered a luxury for those with no responsibilities.

Linguistic Research Essay

When does verbiage begin? In the middle 1960s, under the influence of Chomskys vision of linguistics, the outgrowth boor verbiage researchers assumed that verbiage begins when spoken communication (or morphemes) ar combined. (The reading by Halliday has some illustrative citations concerning this narrow focus on body structure. ) So our story begins with what is colloquially known as the two-word stage. The tran simulateion to 2-word remarks has been called perhaps, the single active disputed issue in the take away of language outgrowth (Bloom, 1998).A few descriptive points Typically nipperren start to combine speech communication when they atomic number 18 between 18 and 24 months of age. Around 30 months their comments run low much than complex, as they add additional speech and likewise affixes and archaean(a) grammatical morphemes. These archetypical word-combinations show a number of characteristics. First, they be systematically unreservedr than adult speech. For instance, function linguistic process ar broadly speaking not wontd. Notice that the o lackion of inflections, such as -s, -ing, -ed, shows that the baby bird is being systematic rather than copy.If they were simply imitating what they heard, there is no spoticular reason why these grammatical elements would be omitted. Conjunctions (and), articles (the, a), and prepositions (with) are omitted too. But is this because they require extra processing, which the barbarian is not yet capable of? Or do they as yet convey nothing to the squirt rump she find no use for them? Second, as utterances become more complex and inflections are added, we find the famous over- unwaveringizationwhich again shows, of course, that children are systematic, not simply copying what they here.Chomskys Influence Research on child language was behavioristic in the years that preceded Chomskys critique of Skinner, and his publication of Syntactic Structures though there had been prec edents for slewting problems in the study of child language scholarship at a more abstract, cognitive level by continental scholarsmost notably, roman letters Jacobson (e. g. , 1941/1968)much of the research on child language acquisition at midcentury was influenced to a greater or lesser degree by the highly concrete, behaviorist orientation of B. F. Skinner and separates. both events were of major significant in the change from behaviorist to cognitive thinking in research on child language. The offset printing was Chomskys consortic review (1959) of Verbal Behavior, Skinners major book-length work on the eruditeness and use of language the min Handout for Psy 598-02, summer 2001 Packer Two-Word Utterances 2 was the precise longitudinal study of the acquisition of English by trey young children conducted over a 17-month period by Roger brownness and others in the advance(pre nominative) 1960s ( browned, 1973). Ritchie, W. C. , & Bhatia, T. K. (1999).Child language ac quisition Introduction, foundigital audiotapeions, and overview. In W. C. Ritchie & T. K. Bhatia (Eds. ), Handbook of child language acquisition, (pp. 3-30). San Diego Academic Press, p. 3-4 note 2. A child who has learned a language has developed an internal delegacy of a system of detects (Chomsky, 1965, p. 25). The psychologists task, it follows, is to determine what the childs rules are. The linguist constructing a grammar for a language is in effect proposing a hypothesis concerning the internalized system (Chomsky, 1968, p.23).Up to the 1950s, people simply determineed characteristics such as sentence complexity, proportion of grammatical utterances, etc. After Chomsky, the search was on for child grammars, assumed to be universal. Roger brownnesss Research In 1956 Roger Brown heard Chomsky for the first time, speaking at Yale. In 1962 he began a five-year research project on childrens language at Harvard University. The historical importation of Browns laboratory at Harv ard can hardly be exaggerated.The call ups of students and colleagues who worked with Brown issue up all the time, to this day, in psycholinguistic research the list includes Jean Berko Gleason, Ursula Bellugi, David McNeill, Dan Slobin, Courtney Cazden, Richard Cromer, Jill de Villiers, Michael Maratsos, Melissa Bowerman, Eleanor Rosche, Sue Ervin (now Ervin-Tripp), Steven Pinker. Brown set out to write grammars for apiece of the stages of language development, by looking at the distri scarcelyion of forms and tellion patterns in spontaneous speech. In most cases the selective information allow for more than onegrammatical rendering.The description to be preferred, of course, is the one that corresponds to the way the speakers linguistic knowledge is structured, the one that determines the kinds of novel utterance he can produce or understand, how he constructs their cerebrateings, and what his intuitions are about grammatical well-formedness (Bowerman, 1988, p. 28) Every ch ild processes the speech to which he is exposed so as to induce from it a latent structure. This latent rule structure is so general that a child can spin out its implications all his look long.The discovery of latent structure is the greatest of the processes involved in language acquisition, and the most onerous to understand (Brown & Bellugi, 1964, p. 314) Brown collected samples of spontaneous speech from three children, given the pseudonyms Adam, Eve, and Sarah. The corpus of collected data can be found in the Packer Two-Word Utterances 3 CHILDES archive. Eve was visited from age 18m to 26m, Adam from 27m to 42m, Sarah from 27m to 48m. Dan Slobin expound the project We paid close attention to the auxiliary system and to word-order patterns, because these had shrink fromed a central intent in Syntactic Structures.We kept track of sentence typesaffirmative, negative, and questionsin which use of auxiliaries and word order would vary. lingual growth was assessed in foothold of things to be added to childish sentences to practice them adult-like the additions of omitted functors (inflections, prepositions, articles, and the like) and transformational operations. We did not categorize utterances in terms of communicative intentthat is, in terms of semantics or speech acts or ex guideed discourse skillsand so we did not look for growth in terms of additions or enrichment of such abilities.Our central concern was with phrase structure and morphology, with some later interest in prosody. We worried about such questions as whether child grammar was delimited state or transformational, and whether syntactic kernels were the first sentence forms to appear in child speech (Slobin, 1988, p. 11). sloshed Length of Utterance This elementary measure of syntactic complexity was introduced by Roger Brown. Table 7. Rules for calculating mean length of utterance and upper bound (Brown, 1973, p. 54) 1. Start with the second page of the transcription unless that pa ge involves a recitation of some kind.In this latter case start with the first recitation-free stretch. numerate the first blow utterances satisfying the spare-time activity rules. 2. Only fully transcribed utterances are employ none with blanks. Portions of utterances, entered in parentheses to indicate doubtful transcription, are used. 3. Include all exact utterance repetitions (marked with a plus sign in records). Stuttering is marked as repeated efforts at a single word account the word once in the most complete form produced. In the few cases where a word is produced for emphasis or the like (no, no, no) count each occurrence.4. Do not count such fillers as mm or oh, only when do count no, yeah, and hi. 5. tout ensemble compound lecture (two or more free morphemes), proper names, and ritualized reduplications count as single words. Examples birthday, rackety-boom, choo-choo, quack-quack, night-night, pocketbook, compute saw. Justification is that no manifest that the c onstituent morphemes function as such for these children. 6. Count as one morpheme all unsteady pasts of the verb (got, did, went, saw). Justification is that there is no evidence that the child relates these to innovate forms.7.Count as one morpheme all diminutives (doggie, mommie) because these children at least do not calculate to use the suffix productively. Diminutives are the standard forms used by the child. 8. Count as separate morphemes all auxiliaries (is, have, entrust, can, must, would). too all catenatives gonna, wanna, hafta. These latter counted as single morphemes rather than as passing game to or want to because evidence is that they function so for the children. Count as separate morphemes all inflections, for example, possessive s, plural s, trey person singular s, regular past d, progressive ing. 9.The range count follows the above rules but is alship canal calculated for the total Packer Two-Word Utterances 4 transcription rather than for 100 utterances. The title of Browns 1973 book, summarizing of a decade of research (his own and other peoples), was A First Language The Early stand fors. A follow-up was planned, describing the later stages, but never written. What is this book about? It is about knowledge knowledge concerning grammar and the meanings coded by grammar. The book primarily presents evidence that knowledge of the kind expound develops in an approximately invariant form in all children, through at disagreeent rates. there is alike evidence that the primary determinants of the order are the relative semantical and grammatical complexity (58) Here is an primal attempt to write a syntactic grammar of two-word speech, first describing only 89 observed utterances (Table 4), then going beyond the obtained sentences to the syntactic classes they suggest (Table 5) (Brown & Fraser, 1964, pp. 59, 61) Packer Two-Word Utterances 5 Browns Two Main Findings Two main findings are exposit in A First Language. 1. The semantic Lo ok of gunpoint I Speech First, that the organization of early word-combinations cannot be exposit in purely syntactic terms.Brown and his coworkers pronto had to change direction. Syntactic descriptions didnt suffice. Thats to say, decimal point I constructions couldnt be satisfactorily condoneed both as telegraphic speech, or in terms of pivot-open grammar. Telegraphic Speech One of the first ways of characterizing 2-word utterances was to say that they omitted function words, such as articles, auxiliary verbs, inflexions, prepositions, and the copulative (is). The words that are spoken tend to be nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and their order tends to resemble the order in what one presumes the adult sentence would be.These characteristics install early utterances sound like telegrams. But inflections are omitted too, and these are free in telegrams. And a few functors such as more, no, you and off are found. More important problems are that this description uses adult cate gories. And it doesnt explain the productive character of childrens two-word utterances. Pivot-Open grammars Martin Braine suggested that children have simple rules they use to generate two-word utterances. Each pair of words selects one from a small set of wordscalled pivotsthat occur in many a(prenominal) utterances, and forever and a day in a fixed position (either the first word, or the second).For example, Allgone is a first-position pivot allgone egg, allgone enclothe, but not shoe allgone. A second-position pivot off shirt off, water off, etc. The choice of the second word is more open. Packer Two-Word Utterances 6 But the rules simply do not fit the evidence pivot words do occur in isolation, pivots occur in combination with one another, sentences longer than two-words are somewhat common in I, and there is distributional evidence which indicates that more than two word-classes exist (Brown, 1973, p. 110).Brown and his colleagues state that adults expand childrens utte rances. These expansions dont seem effective in teaching the child anything untried (Cazden, 1965). But they do provide important clues to the researcher. If one assumes that adult expansions are generally accurate interpretations of the childs utterance, then pivot-open grammars are inadequate because they underestimate the childs knowledge. (Both would simply be described as O + O. ) For example, Lois Bloom showed that when one attended to context the utterance mom roll in the hay was used by her child in two incompatible ways.The first could be glossed as Its mommys sock, while the second could be glossed mummy is putting on your sock. A pivot-open grammar would not be able to distinguish these two. From Non-Semantic (Lean) Grammars to Semantic (Rich) Grammars So Brown and his co-workers started instead to describe two-word utterances in semantic terms. They apply a process that Lois Bloom called rich interpretation using all the contextual information visible(prenominal) to infer what the child meant by an utterance.As Lois Bloom said, evaluation of the childrens language began with the underlying boldness that it was possible to reach the semantics of childrens sentences by considering nonlinguistic information from context and behavior in parity to linguistic performance. This is not to say that the inherent meaning or the childs actual semantic intent was obtainable for any given utterance. The semantic interpretation inherent in an utterance is part of the intuition of the child and cannot be known with authority.The only claim that could be made was the evaluation of an utterance in relation to the context in which it occurred provided more information for analyzing intrinsic structure than would a simple distributional analysis of the recorded corpus (Bloom, 1970, p. 10). The result was the identification of a small set of prefatory semantic transaction that the childrens utterances seems to be uttering. The eight most common of these a re summarized in the hobby table (cf. Brown, p.193-197)Major Meanings at peak I Two-Word Utterance mommy come daddy sit drive car eat grape mommy sock baby book go super acid sit chair cup table bring floor my teddy mommy dress Semantic relation expressed agent + action action + quarry agent + object action + berth entity + location possessor + possession Packer Two-Word Utterances 7 box shiny crayon big dat money dis telephone entity + attribute demonstrative + entity It seems that children when they first combine words talk about objects pointing them out, assignment them, indicating their location, what they arelike, who owns them, and who is doing things to them.They also talk about actions performed by people, and the objects and locations of these actions. Brown suggested that these are the concepts the child has just sunk differentiating in the sensorimotor stage. This kind of semantic characterization of childrens speech continues in current research. For example, th e undermentioned table is redrawn from Golinkoff & Hirsh-Pasek, (1999, p. 151. ) The terminology differs a little, and Recurrence and Disappearance have been added (or at least were not in Browns top eight), but other than this the picture is the same.Two-Word Utterance mama sock Probable meaning expressed Possessor-possessed or Agent (acting on) an object Recurrence Disappearance or nonexistence Action on object Agent doing an action Object at location Object and piazza Naming Possible gloss Thats Mommys sock or Mommy, put on my sock I want more juice The outside is allgone (said aft(prenominal) front door is closed) (Dad) is throwing the toy chicken The car is going The sweater is on the chair The dog is little That is Susan or Her name is Susan.More juice Allgone outside Throw chicken Car go Sweater chair pocketable dog That Susan What Grammar to Write? How to represent the knowledge that underlies childrens utterances viewed in these semantic terms? What kind of grammar can one write? Brown (1973) reviewed several possibilities are concluded that No fully explicit grammar proves to be possible (p. 244). Bloom wrote essentially syntactic grammars, which however included information necessary to give an assign semantic interpretation.Schlesinger (assigned reading) wrote a semantic grammar. Antinucci & Paresi (optional reading) wrote a grammar that included some pragmatic information too. The following is a grammar for one of the three children Bloom studied it consists of (1) the phrase structure, (2) lexico feature rules, and (3) transformations (Bloom, 1970, pp. 67-68) Packer Two-Word Utterances 8 Packer Two-Word Utterances 9Criticism of Interpretive Analysis An interesting criticism of these semantic analyses was made by Howe in 1976. Howe discover a lack of consistency across semantic categorization of two-word utterances by Bloom, Slobin, Schlesinger and Brown, and suggested that the identification of semantic relations actually tells us more abo ut adult interpretation of childrens speech that is does about what the child has in mind.Overall, the existence of contradictions between the categories presented in Table 1, the fact that some of the categories are not always mutually exclusive and the fact that it is hard to demonstrate that some of the so-called semantic distinctions are more than syntactic alternatives for expressing the same meaning, make it unlikely that Bloom, Brown, Schlesinger and Slobin have produced an adequate categorization of the meanings common to the speech of children at the beginnings of word combination or indeed of adults.All four writers tacitly assumed that the two-word utterances of young children always express a meaning adults powerfulness express using these words and hence their aim was to specify which of the meanings adults might express occur in the first word combinations (Howe, 1976, p. 34). Howe asserted that (as she later put it) there was no evidence that children at the beginnin g of word combination recognize a world containing agents, locations, and so on (Howe, 1981, p. 443). It is interesting to read the next rounds of this debate Bloom, Capatides, & Tackeff (1981), Golinkoff (1981), and Howes reply (1981).Bloom is witheringly derisive (and seems to miss the point of Howes article), Golinkoff is more constructive. Howe accepts Golinkoffs suggestion that non-linguistic data will show us how a child understands their situation, and she concludes that so far the research shows that children do not discover that language encodes roles played in actions and states of affairs, as distinct from entities involved in actions and states of affairs, until some time after their first word combinations (451).But Ithink theres a big point here that Ill explore in class. Browns conclusions about dot I Brown drew the following conclusions about Stage I The Stage I child operates as if all major sentence constituents were optional, and this does not seem to be because of some absolute ceiling on sentence complexity. In Stage II and after we shall see that he operates, often for long periods, as if grammatical morphemes were optional. Furthermore, the childs omissions are by no means limited to the relatively lawful omissions which also occur in adult speech.He often leaves out what is linguistically obligatory. This suggests to me that the child expects always to be understood if he produces any seize words at all. And in fact we find that he would usually be right in this expectation as long as he speaks at home, in acquainted(predicate) surroundings, and to family members who know his tale and inclinations. Stage I speech may then be said to be well competent to its communicative purpose, well adapted but narrowly adapted. In new surroundings and with less familiar addresses it wouldPacker Two-Word Utterances 10 often fail.This suggests that a major dimension of linguistic development is skill to express always and automatically certain( prenominal) things (agent, action, number, tense, and so on) even though these meanings may be in many particular contexts quite redundant. The child who is going to move out into the world, as children do, must learn to make his speech broadly and flexible adaptive (Brown, 1973, p. 244-245).2. The Acquisition of Grammatical Morphemes in Stage IIThe second major finding that Brown reported in A First Language was that a set of little words and inflections begins to appear a few prepositions, especially in and on, an occasional article, an occasional copula am, is, or are, the plural and possessive inflections on the noun, the progressive, past, and third person present indicative inflections on the verb. All these, like an intricate sort of ivy, begin to grow up between and upon the major construction blocks, the nouns and the verbs, to which Stage I is largely limited (Brown, 1973, p.249).Brown found that the 14 of these grammatical morphemes of English that he selected for detaile d study were acquired in a fixed and universal order. These are the grammatical morphemes we discussed in an earlier class affixes like s, -ed, PAST, and small function words like on, in, the. Weve already noted that these morphemes are omitted from the first word-combinations. Brown studied the way they are gradually added to a childs speech. This takes place in what he called Stage II.The child begins to explicitly mark notions such as number, specificity, tense, aspect, mood, using the inflections or unbound morphemes. Of course, Brown was studying only three children, but the finding of invariant order has stood up when larger numbers of children have been studied. For example, de Villiers and de Villiers (1973) replicated his finding with a sample of twenty-one children. Brown offered evidence that the order of their acquisition was determined by their linguistic complexity.(Thats to say, the number of features each of them encoded.) (Though he noted too that children differ g reatly in their rate of acquisition of these morphemes. ) Order 1. 2/3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Morpheme present progressive prepositions plural irregular past tense possessive copula uncontractible articles regular past tense third-person present tense regular Example singing playing in the cup on the floor books dolls broke went Mommys chair Susies teddy This is my book The teddyA table walked played he climbs Mommy cooks Packer Two-Word Utterances 11 11. 12. 13. 14.third-person present tense irregular auxiliary uncontractible copula contractible auxiliary contractible John has three cookies She was going to school Do you like me? Im happy you are special Mommys going shopping Brown examined each utterance is see whether it required any of these morphemes to make it fully grammatical by adult standards, attending to both linguistic and nonlinguistic context. E. g. , when the child points to a book and says that book, Brown inferred that there should have been a copula (s or is) and an article (a). indeed he checked how many of these obligatory positions for each morpheme were actually filled with the appropriate morphemes at each age. Acquisitiondefined as the age at which a morpheme is supplied in 90 percent of its obligatory positionswas remarkably constant across Browns three landing fields. Why did Brown study these morphemes? presumably because they are at first omitted. But more importantly, he was trying to test the hypothesis that children are taught grammar by adults. And Brown found that frequency of exposure (in adult speech) was not a predictor.For example, adults used articles more frequently than prepositions, but children acquired these in the opposite order. Brown suggested that linguistic complexity does predict acquisition. The morphemes differ in both semantic complexity (the number of semantic features encoded) and syntactic complexity (the number of rules each requires). For example, the copula verb encodes both number and temporality. Th ese two types of complexity are highly correlated, so they cannot be teased apart, but in either case they predict order of acquisition.The other important change that occurs in Stage II is that, as utterances grow in complexity, the child begins to combine two or more of the basic semantic relations from Stage I Adam hit ball = agent + action + object = agent + action, plus action + object The Other Stages of Language Acquisition Each of the five stages that Brown distinguished is named for the linguistic process that is the major new development occurring in that stage (or for an exceptionally elaborate development of a process at that stage p. 59). Thus we have Packer Two-Word Utterances 12.Stage I. Semantic Roles & Syntactic Relations. MLU 1. 0 2. 0 agent, patient, instrument, locative etc. expressed (in simple sentences) by analog order, syntactic relations, prepositions or postpositions. Stage II. Grammatical Morphemes & the Modulation of Meaning. MLU 2. 0 2. 5 Stage III. M odalities of the Simple destine. MLU 2. 5 Next the child forms transformations of simple declarative sentences yes-no interrogatives, question request, negation, imperative. During the earlier stages children use intonation to mark different sentence modalities.Now they begin to use morphosemantic devices to mark negatives, questions, and imperatives. Stage IV. Embedding of Sentences One simple sentence will now become used as a grammatical constituent or in a semantic role within another sentence. Stage V. Coordination of Simple Sentences & Propositional Relations Sentences are linked in concert with connector words. respective(prenominal) Differences Brown also noted some individual differences among Adam, Eve, and Sarah. Two of the children combined V with N, and also used N for possession eat meat, throw ball, mommy sock.But the child third combined V (or objects of possession) with pronouns eat it, do this one, my teddy. These two strategies were found by other researchers to o. Catherine Nelson called them pronominal & nominal strategies (they have also been called holistic & analytic expressive & referential), and noted that they could be seen in one-word utterances also some children tend to produce single-word utterances that are nouns, other children tend to use social or individual(prenominal) words such as hi, bye, and please.Subsequent research has explored the connections between these strategies and later development, cognitive style, and input differences (cf. Shore, 1995. Individual differences in language development, Sage). However, these strategies converge over time. By MLU=2. 5, sentence subjects (agents) are typically pronominal, and predicate objects (patients) are typically nominal. Packer Two-Word Utterances 13 Directions After Brown By the mid-1970s grammar-writing was dying out. Incorrect predictions had discouraged researchers, as had the problem of indeterminacy the fact that more than one grammar could be written.Interest was g rowing in other considerations in the role of semantics in cognitive precursors to syntax, and to language in general in mother-child interaction and in the pragmatic uses to which early speech is put. In the view of some people, linguistic structures and operations became neglected. 1. How Does the Child go from Semantics to Syntax? Weve seen that Browns research found that the grammar of childrens early word combinations was better described in semantic than in syntactic terms. If this is so, how does a child make the transition from a semantic grammar to the adult grammar?Researchers continue to postulate about this. Steven Pinker (1984, 1987) suggests that children use semantics to enter the syntactic system of their language. In simple basic sentences the correspondence between things and names typifys onto the syntactic category of nouns. Words for physical attributes and changes of state map onto verbs. Semantic agents are almost always the grammatical subjects of sentences . This semantic-syntactic correspondence in early utterances provides a tonality to abstract syntactic categories of grammar.Paul Bloom has argued that children actually are using syntactic categories from the start, and he cites as evidence for this the fact that children will they place adjectives before nouns but not pronouns big dog but not * small she Some linguists have offered a syntactic description of Stage I utterances. They argue that at this stage children merely have a lexicon and a limited set of phrase structure rules in dense-structure. They lack functional categories such as INFL (inflectionals) and COMP (complementizers).No transformations exist at this stage instead, elements of the deep structure are assigned thematic (i. e. semantic) roles to yield the surfacestructure. And they have proposed that the lack of grammatical subjects in Stage I utterances reflects the default setting of a null-subject parameter. (Since in languages like Italian and Spanish a subj ect is optional. ) Lois Bloom (1990b) has suggested that children simply have a more limited processing capacity at this age. Sentence subjects are often provided by context, and so can be safely omitted.Dan Slobin has proposed that children create grammars in which intelligibly identifiable surface forms map onto basic semantic categories (1988, p. 15). Packer Two-Word Utterances 14 For example, locative prepositionsin, on, underare omitted in early child speech. They are used earlier in languages when they are encoded more salientlyas noun suffixes or as postpositions following nouns. At the same time, there is a common order of egression across languages simple topological notions of proximity, containment and support (in, on, under, next to), with locative relations embodying notions of perspective (back, front) always later.Slobin infers that conceptual development provides the content for linguistic expression, while linguistic discovery procedures are necessary for working out the mapping of content according to conventions of particular languages (p. 15). Slobin has looked carefully at the English grammatical morphemesand their equivalents in other languagesto see how they are used before they are completely acquired (by Browns 90% criterion). He finds that children generally use the morphemes systematically, though their use is still incomplete by adult standards.For example, a Russian child applied the accusative inflection only to nouns that were objects of direct, physical manipulation, such as give, carry, put, and throw, omitting the accusative for less manipulative verbs such as read and see. Children will organize systems of pronouns and case inflections but, to begin with, children will organize these assorted forms to express particular, child-oriented speech functions (p. 18). They are using the resources of the adult language to mark distinctions that are salient to them.Slobin has also proposed some universal language-learning princip les. These are an attempt to explain observed cross-language regularities in order of acquisition. According to Slobin, the child has certain concepts, based on cognitive growth, that are expressed through the language system. Using certain principles of acquisition, the child scans the language code to discover the means of comprehension and production (Owens, 2001, p. 214-215). 1. Pay attention to the ends of words 2. Phonological forms of words can be systematically modified 3.Pay attention to the order of words and morphemes 4. Avoid interruption and rearrangement of linguistic units 5. Underlying semantic relations should be marked overtly and clearly 6. Avoid exceptions 7. The use of grammatical markers should make semantic sense Knowledge of Verb syntax Lois Bloom asserts that learning the argument structure of verbs, and the syntactic differences for different thematic relations is the foundation for acquiring a grammar. Verbs play a central role in further multiword utter ances.Opinions differ, however, on how knowledge of verb syntax is acquired. Bloom suggests that the first verbs are those that name actions (do, make, push, eat). Nouns and pronouns take thematic roles (agent, object) in relation to these actions. Bloom says that this implies that childrens theories of objects, space, and causation are important here. Packer Two-Word Utterances 15 A few all-purpose verbspro-verbsare used for most early sentences. E. g. , do, go. With these, verb argument structures, verb inflections, and Wh-questions are learned.Subsequently, the child adds the syntax for negation, noun- and verb-inflection, and questions. And then moves on to embedded verb phrases (drink Mommy juice) 2. From Semantics to Semantics Language involves a great deal of categorization. The forms of language are themselves categories, and these forms are linked to a vast network of matte distinctions in meaning and discourse function (Bowerman, 1988, p. 28-29).