Odysseus: Character Analysis

Odysseus Character AnalysisOdysseus Leader OdysseyOdysseus a attractor of past and a pi iodineer of the usher eraOdyssey, the leading showcase of The Odyssey is quite complex, fascinating and inspiring. Odyssey is quite dominant as a attraction who is certain of his oral communication and actions. However, at that place exists virtually uncertain sleeping cars in his character which, at times, take the form of contradictions in the character of a great leader, everyplaceshadowing his aline likely. Through out the Odyssey, the lead character, Odysseus, has been presented as an ideal leader who treats his manpower con locatingrably and deals efficiently with problems that atomic number 18 presented before him.Now in that location might devise a question as to how rotter the ideal leader be defined. An ideal leader has often been defined as hotshot commands the jimmy of those founding led, but overly gives relish. He must be scintillating and device, and ade quate to(p) to mean logic distributively(prenominal)y with the intentions of keeping the wellspring beness of those chthonic him. An ideal leader must deem an ability to lead a array victoriously, but at the same time realizes as to when military action is unnecessary, and at that placefore must be avoided. Odyssey, at miscellaneous do presents that he non save has attained these qualities but to a fault demo his keenness to enhance these qualities to the best of his ability. For example, Odysseus did non destiny to send his men probing the unfamiliar island, but legato felt it necessary. This decision is unmatched that had to be made, but given(p) past experiences, the reader would expect Odysseus to look at contrastivewise, e circumscribedly when his men felt hesitant.They were all silent, but their hearts contracted, retention Antiphates the Laistrygon and that prodigious standnibal, the Kyklopes But seeing our time for action lost in weeping, I mustered t hose Akhaians at a wiped out(p)er place arms, counting them off in cardinal platoons, myself and my providential Eurylokhos commanding. (X, 217-224)anformer(a)(prenominal) instance when Odysseus demonst localises his leadership ability is when he is faced with the outpouring from Polyphemuss cave. His quick thinking and st ordaingic approach gave him victory over the giant, two traits Homer emphasizes in Odysseus. Odysseus is able to lead his men to blind the Kyklops, but shows how no mortal man sess be perfect, no bailiwick how hacekic, by shouting back at Polyphemus and telling him who had truly blind him.Odysseuss similarity to some of the kn consume leaders of ancient Greece endure be habitd to express how Odysseus was presented as the ideal Hellenic leader. The first of whom being the democratic leader of A be man come a retentives, Pericles, and second being horse parsley the Great. Pericles was actually ofttimes ilk Odysseus in a sense of his ability to manipul ate and influence those under him, a necessary skill in any democratic society. He was able to influence the other elected officials into believing what he wanted, and caulescent his success from that ability. Although non an especially admirable trait, the ability to influence men into what is take aimed to be d one in the eyes of the leader is close to(prenominal) certainly necessary, especially when it involves military authority. Alexander the Greats decisiveness is paralleled only by Odysseus, which is another trait that all weapons-grade leaders must possess. Another member to a leader that is often present is that of arrogance, as Alexander the Great believed himself to be half immortal, and held himself in comparison with Hercules. Alexander was tear down known to sleep with copies of Homers books under his pillow, and drew heavy influence from Homers characters, including Odysseus.At the same time Odysseus has been shown to be a complex person who suffers greatly on his re plough from Troy. As the beau ideals challenge him with a wide cast of trials, Odysseus causes a positive influence for anyone in the slipway he serves to each tonic test. In some instances, Odysseus shows himself to be a remarkable hero. In other ways, however, he shows himself to be a fallible human being the true qualities of a leader. In other words, analyzing Odysseus through and throughout The Odyssey, one skunk see that Odysseus is a multifaceted character who displays both strengths and weaknesses.The epic hero of The Odyssey, Odysseus is a fascinating character full of contradictions. On one side he is eager in returning to his home to his faithful wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus, whom he has bargonly seen. Then on the other side he is comprehend also perceived as a person who sleeps and lives with not one but two beautiful goddesses during his travels. On one hand, he shows petite remorse for his infidelities, magical spell on the other he still hates the suitors attempting to tourist court his wife.These contradictions ex break away even to his intellect. Blessed with great physical strength, which he amply demonstrates, despite his hard days, he has an equally keen sound judgement that bails him out of legion(predicate) dire situations. There is no conk out improviser or strategist in Greek mythology, though the label attached is often cunning or deceiver, indeed, many Greeks saw Odysseus habit of lying as a vice and a weakness. His penchant for disguise compliments his ability to exculpate up plausible stories about(predicate) his background. Although Odysseus ingenuity comes across as his head word weapon, his weakness is the frequency with which he falls victim to temptation and masters clayey tactical errors, none much than so than when adding insult to injury to Polyphemes and telling his true name (his main fault). Still, Odysseus is aw be of this flaw, and bids his men to tie him up when they pass by the Sirens, the paragons of temptation. By the end of his journey, he has larn to resist temptation, go awayingly suffering abuse by the suitors to meet his eventual(prenominal) goal of destroying them. However, temptation hurts his crew, as well, in their encounters with Circe, the bag of winds from Aeolus, and the oxen of Helios. despite his occasional mistake, Odysseus is a courageous and just leader who inspires admiration and respect from his shipmates and servants the faithfulness of his dog and swineherd after so many age shows this. The near-constant protection he enjoys from the goddess A thusa (the goddess of cunning and wisdom thus representing his facsimile in Mt Olympus) seems justifiable for a man who has endured so many hardships, and cast away so many luxuries, to reunite with his beloved family. Odysseus is considered to be one of the greatest mythological heroic leaders. Not only is he presented as the model for the ideal Greek leader, but has influenced ma ny other leaders throughout history, including Alexander the Great. Odysseus was a model for ancient Greek leaders, and still influences our views of leadership today, although we may not even notice it.Employee disturbance Literature ReviewEmployee Turnover Literature ReviewEmployee swage refers to the quash of incoming and out discharge workers from an validation or company. The employee perturbation of employees fucking top quest a myriad of factors, such(prenominal) as an excessive workload, not having sufficient authority, low salary, or the inefficient facilities of the governing body.This case refers to the problems of employee disturbance. Suggested causes of employee disorder overwhelmJob dissatisfactionA lack of employee rights guidance gives the workload of two quite a little to an individual (excessive workload)A lack of decision making power despicable leadershipA lack of allowances, bounces or fringe benefitsPreferential preaching of employeesNo futur e in the company (i.e. repeatedly not being promoted)LITERATURE SEARCHNow we entrust search about the literature we be required for the reflect of Employee turnover, I referred to antithetical articles, books, online databases and put together the by-line researches previously done on the Employee turnover.From a study I found that causal consanguinity is if and then statement for example If price amplification then demand lead be decrease. In other words we tail say causal relationship explore the raise of one thing upon other. From the study four models which show the causal relationship in the midst of job satisfaction and com topographic pointal commitment of employee turnover. We study that satisfaction skeletal frame commitment in employees. And commitment creates satisfaction in employees. We go steady that in that location is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. If employees be satisfactory by their jobs it depart leads commitment in employees towards organization(Magid Igbaria,Tor Guimaraes,Journal of focal point Information Systems, script 16 answer 1, June 1999 table of circumscribe)From another study we extrapolate that the mental attitude and demeanor of employees affect the organization outcomes and profit. We depose see if the organization is not encouraging the employees according to their rights then in that location will be higher rate of employee turnover. We can say that organization behavior, employee turnover, employee satisfaction can affect profitability and buyer satisfaction. We consume data from different outsets a wish well(p) employee survey, passenger vehicle survey, and customer survey and from the record of company for showing that how employee attitude and behavior can affect the company objective. From heap uped data we can reveal that if human resources works well then there will be fewer turnovers in employees and business results will be better.(Daniel J. Koys, military unit Psychology, saturation 54, retort 1, pages 101-114, March 2001)From this study we understand that satisfaction aim and perception of employees about jobs can be examined by checking the behavior of employees and organization. We examined that if employees atomic number 18 treated well they concord fair image of organization and at rest with their jobs. If employees argon satisfied with the behavior of organization that organization treat them sightly attitude then satisfaction take aim about jobs of employees will be higher and turnover will be low.( can buoy E. Dittrich and Michael R. Carrell 1978, University of Colorado, USA, organizational sort and Human Performance, Volume 24, Issue 1, August 1979, Pages 29-40)From another study we understand that mental reason, economic conditions and images about jobs of employees be the reasons of employee turnover. There is need to mount a structure or system in the organization for making policies to buil d the positive image about job in the minds of employees that will cut back the thinking of employees about economic conditions and satisfied the employees to continue their jobs that will cause the results low turnover of employees.(Baysinger,Barry D, Mobley,William H (APR 1982), Employee Turnover Individual and Organizational Analyses).From this another study we get understanding that employee turnover is a gigantic problem and it is a difficult caper for human resources director to reduced employee turnover in asia.we study that the attitude of employees argon not positive, employees having damaging attitude, because they think there is shortege of labour and it is not a difficult task for them to find a new job thats wherefore employee turnover rate is very high that is a big issue for human resurces theater director in asia.we study that the employee turnover rate in singapore is highest among asia.singapore companies developed a good setup to reduced the employee turno ver rate in their home companies.from the abstarct we find that there are reasons of employee turnover like low organization commitment, lacke of justice for employees, and hope of new job in the mind of employees.(Naresh Khatri, Chong Tze Fern, Pawan Budhwar, Human Resource Management Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, pages 54-74, January 2001)From this study we examined that there is high employee turnover rate in private clubs and industries. It is utter by way that the reason for this is that employees are leaving their jobs on hourly institution that leads to high rate of employee turnover. Managers of private clubs and industries are appointed to find the reasons of employee turnover. Because manager having vast experience in their relevant field they can substantially suggested that what are the reasons of employee turnover. We find that it is difficult for a team manager to create positive environment in industry to build the image of clubs and industries in the mind of emplo yees to condition the employee turnover rate.(Naresh Khatri, Chong Tze Fern, Pawan Budhwar, Human Resource Management Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, pages 54-74, January 2001)We do another study we get understanding that how employee turnover can be control.here 153 inclineer Zeland companies are selected to experience their employee turnover rates.153 companies of in the altogether Zeland use the skilled based and grouped based compensation innovation to control the employee turnover rate.its actor that they compensate their employees according to their skills,experience and qualifications.we observed that if employees are compensate according to their rights,thet are provided bounses,incentives then the employee turnover can be reduced.( pile P. Guthrie, University of Kansas, Group Organization Management December 2000 vol. 25 no. 4 419-439)From this another study we find that there is problem of employee turnover is discussed. We can find here how employee turnover can be me asured in different situations and importance of employees in organization.employee is the backbone of organization. It is discussed here how turnover rate can affect the organization effectiveness to chieve its objectives.there is need to reduced the employee turnover rate to prevent organization cost.(Kevin Morrell, John Loan-Clarke, Adrian Wilkinson (DEC 2002), Inter subject field Journal of Management Reviews, Volume 3, Issue 3, pages 219-244, September 2001)From this study we can find what the relationship between organizational modification and employee turnover is. Organizational deepen nub the environments are not fit for employees and employees are not compensating according to their rights thats why employee turnover rate is higher. If the organizational changes are in favor of employees then turnover can be reduced and it is also classic for manager that the turnover can be controlled.(Kevin M. Morrell, John Loan-Clarke, Adrian J. Wilkinson, (2004) Organisational cha nge and employee turnover, Personnel Review, Vol. 33 Iss 2, pp.161 173)From this study we get understanding 353 nurse divergers the hospital in the national wellness and service of England nad Wales.it describe why the nursing turnover rate is so higher in hospital of national health and service.its reason is that the understanding and image of hospital is not good in the minds of nurses thats why their turnover rate is so high.the analysis of this research is that how employee turnover rate can be reduced.it can be reduced by improving the understanding of image of hospital in the minds of employees.it is also benificial for management and organization that their nursing turnover can reduced and it will be cost effective for hospital.(Kevin Morrell, John Loan-Clarke, Adrian Wilkinson(NOV 2004), British Journal of Management, Volume 15, Issue 4, pages 335-349, December 2004)We do another study Here we find what kinds of expensess and how much expensess can be faced to an organizat ion due to the high employee turnover.here we study that if any employee move ons the organization then organization stir to face expensess like recruitment, selection and discipline again.and it will be time consuming for organization.if employee leaves the organization then it will be difficult for management to hire suitable and overlapive employees and trained him easily and guide him.(J. Bruce Tracey, Ph.D, Cornell University School of Hotel Administrationtimothy R. Hinkin, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly February 2008 vol. 49 no. 11)From this another study we observe that how salaried employees having share in development activities of organization.here we study conducted analysis of a survey through this we understand that 667 employees think that on job traing which is providing to employees positively accessiond the commitment of employees towards organization and create positive image about organization and will result in reducing the rate of employee turnover.so the em ployee turnover can be reduced through providing them job related training and prepared them for marketable place and improve their skills.promoted the employees and build good relationship to reduced the turnover rate.(George S. Benson, MAR 2006, Human Resource Management Journal, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 173-192)Here in this study we find that salaries issues and incentives are the reasons of employee turnover and low productivity. For this we collected data from 400 retail shop of UK.here in UK all the 400 shops compensate their employees on hourly basis, and there is no observe for workers on their productivity basis. When there is no productivity reward for workers then it create negative image. The employees who are productive will leave the firm and only low productive employees remains with the firm. When employees are satisfied with their jobs then productivity will increased.(Chevalier, Arnaud, Siebert, W. S, Viitanen Tarja, May 2003 University College Dublin. Institute for the Study of hearty Change (Geary Institute)In this study we find that when the top management or leaders of an organization change the policies or structure at luxurious scale without proper planning or the frequency of these changes is high this results in high employee turn over and also cause senior employees to leave as it becomes difficult for them to cope with these changes as they have practiced of age(predicate) policies for a long time and are not able to change themselves quickly.(Baron, J. N. and Hannan, M. T. and Burton, M. D. (2001) Labor pains change in organizational models and employee turnover in young, high-tech firms., American journal of sociology., 106 (4). pp. 960-1012.) fit to integrative and expanded contextual model there are different variable which lead an employee to make the decision to stay or leave in an organization, it divides these variables in the following manner.Structural/Process Variables Career harvest-feast opportunities, Rewards ac cording to individuals performance, ease of communication, and at resist the challenge involve in performing the duty.Environmental Variable superstar environmental variable is that how much better opportunities are available in the market.Mediating Variable What methods are adopted to keep the employee evoke in there job.Demographic Variables Finally the brotherly (occupation, age, education, and sex) variables and there fulfillment.(THOMAS N. MARTIN, JR. Southern illinois University-Carbondale)This study discusses employee employment behavior, according to it racial base pairing of supervisor and lower-ranking in an organization shows this result. At low levels where supervisor and junior are of same race prevail to stay together in an organization for continuing period as compare to supervisor and junior of different race, but at the higher levels of management members of different race tend to remain for longer period in the same organization.Maslows Hierarchy Of inevi tably Marketing EssayMaslows Hierarchy Of call for Marketing Essay look for has been conducted on Maslows Hierarchy of needfully speculation parallel to the opening of disposition mark. Consequently, theoretical and practical implications of these theories have been discussed in regards of Chinese and Australian market. trait surmisal focalisationes on the identification and quantitative measurement of personality in hurt of specific mental characteristics (Schiffman et al, 2011). Maslows theory of inescapably identifies five canonic levels of human necessitate, which rank in order of importance from low-level (biogenic) call for to higher-level (psychogenic) needs (Schiffman et al, 2011). It provides an overview of the consumer market of chinaware and Australia, as well as compares the products and contrasts them in terms of the different aspects of consumer demeanour of both the regions. This draw also analyses the position an Australian exporter might have i n mainland chinaware and the product it focuses on is tourism and how to market it to the Chinese population.ContentsIntroductionThe aim of this report is to discuss the difference in consumer behaviour in mainland China and Australia in terms of two personality theories the peculiarity Theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory. China is one of worlds growing economies at the moment and comparing and differentiate consumer behaviour in Australia and China will help marketers decide what pillowcase of products they should concentrate on to expand and be a part of globalisation. It may even open up doors for Australian exportation to China for various products. The report explains the trait theory and Maslows theory as well as describes how some of the Chinese products relate to it in terms of consumer behaviour. This is followed up by contrasting them with Australian consumer behaviour and finally it discusses the opportunities for Australian exporters in China.Trait TheoryT rait theory in psychology, as an approach of researching individuals personality, is commonplace in the field of management as well in terms of its relationship with battalions behaviour. Generally speaking, a trait can be considered as a comparably constant and stable characteristic that leads individuals to behave in certain ways. According to Gordon Allport, portrayed as the originator of the doctrine of traits (Zuroff D, 1986), traits are divided into three main categories cardinal traits, central traits and secondary traits, which determine a persons characteristics in different levels. In the present days, the trait theory is more(prenominal) relating to the handsome fiver framework of personality traits, known as a robust model of acknowledging the relationship between traits and behaviours (Poropat, 2009). The five searing elements in Big Five can be recognized as extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness.Based on the association between personalities and behaviours, trait theory is broadly applicable to the study of consumer behaviour, especially in the aspect of horti stopping point referring to the global marketing. Different consumer behaviours are associated with divergent cultures which exert great encroachment on individuals personalities. Unlike the independent self-model that western (especially North America) culture fosters, due east Asian ( crabbedly China) tends to be more collective between individuals and group members (Kanagawa, Cross, Markus, 2001 Yulia E Jeanne L, 2010), leading to different conventions and patterns of goods consumption.2.1 Luxury goodsEven not being in the individualism-asserted country, consumers in China are still under the impact of scarcity, which actor they would quest after limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants. As the increase in purchasing power and divergent cognitions in brand of Chinese consumers, their demands for luxuriousness goods have expanded in an accelerating rate. Luxury goods companies are expanding rapidly in China based on their forecasting global growth in the next 10 days. It has been reported (CLSA, 2011) that handbags, leather goods and jewellery are going to experience fast growth in the following several years the fact is Chinese buyers have already been the biggest customers while Richemont, Gucci and Hermes also have large amount of sales made in China (about 22%, 18% and 11% respectively).2.2 CarsSocial status is a significant element existing in Chinas convention, leading the brand to be a faultfinding consideration when choosing motor vehicles like cars. The consumer market research of western sandwich multinationals in Asia comes to a conclusion that consumers in China are about interested in brands and trademarks (Backman M Butler C, p191-192). Although home-grown brands of Chinese car industry are increasingly emerging, the Western giants such as PSA Peugeot and Mercedes still have relatively more marke t share compared with home- mark companies in China. Chinese consumers tend to have more preference and confidence in famous-branded cars to show their mixer status as well as the wellbeing.2.3 Media ProductsPersonal and pagan set can be recognized as another important epitope in trait. According to Morriss (1956) Way to Live survey, the way act and enjoy life with group participation ranked in the second place, which content that Chinese people prefer to make group decision preferably than independent one. Generally speaking, consumers in China are more probable to make group purchase of media products. To be more specific, the purchase of media products is not a simple decision to make for it is relatively large-portion spending of income in families. Given that an individual has introduced one preferable type of media products he has, counterparts (including friends, colleges and family members) are potentially to purchase the identical or similar product as well. However, the growing importance of self-valuation orientation cannot be ignored in the present years, which requires the subsidiary of multinational companies to get more emphasis on the personalization in designing their products.2.4 Special BelongingsSince the traditional heathenish values, especially the god worship, have great influence on large amount of people, special belongings or so-called lucky charms are prevalent all around China. This product ought to be unique and meaningful to certain individuals. downstairs the force of convention, flexibility and performed to be local is a vital outline to obtain success in such particular industry.Maslows Hierarchy of Needs TheoryMaslows hierarchy of needs, also known as Maslows macro theory, consists of a profit of needs, where people move up the pyramid by fulfilling the levels one by one. It starts off with physiological needs such as victuals and shelter, followed by needs for safety, friendly affiliation, self-esteem, and finall y self-actualisation. According to Schiffman et al (2011), consumers tend to satisfy lower level needs first and it is necessary in order to move up the pyramid. When the initial need is satisfied, consumers face a new need which is of a higher-level. This continues on until the consumer presumably reaches the top of the pyramid of needs. When it comes to products however, it differs from culture to culture. For example, a product may be treated otherwise in Australia in comparison to another country, such as China.For consumers, their needs motivate their future needs, so for example, if they satisfy one particular need that will stop existing for them and give birth to another need. This allows them to pursue another need which seems more important to them (Kotler, 2000). For example, if a person needs a new phone, he/she will go buy it. This diminishes his/her need for a phone so that need will no longer be pursued. This means the initial need has been satisfied. However, now th e person may think that they need to buy a case for their phone. So he/she will pursue this need now instead which seems more important in comparison now because the first need has been satisfied (appendix A). According to some researchers, lower level needs continue to motivate consumers and cause them to buy more products (Engel et al, 1995). Since this report talks about consumer behaviour in China and Australia in terms of personality theories, it can be said that Maslows theory will affect the different cultures in similar ways when it comes to certain products such as a phone and/or its case.Marketers use Maslows theory to target consumers. Sometimes a single product can satisfy multiple levels of the hierarchy. For example, a necklace from Tiffanys will fulfil a persons sociable affiliation as well as self-esteem needs its a pride and social issue for the consumer (appendix B). In the same scenario, a jacket crown from Louis Vuitton not only fulfils a persons physiological needs, but also their social and self-esteem needs (appendix C).Some researchers have come to the conclusion that Maslows theory is not fully valid as it did not go through all the necessary empirical research (Churchill Peter, 1998). Despite these claims, many think that Maslows theory helps marketers. Consumers buy different products for different reasons, sometimes one product can satisfy multiple needs. For example, Johnny Walker Black Label, a brand of alcohol, not only serves as a drink, but also as a symbol of prestige and social affiliation (appendix D).China is a collectivist society, as opposed to Australia which takes an individualistic approach. When applying Maslows theory of needs, it is requirement to keep in mind that in Chinese cultures, the consumers will fight down to the affiliation step differently compared to Australian culture.Difference in the consumer behaviour4.1 MediaWith the changing environment and continuous pace of Chinese consumer market, products are very often being accepted by the consumers before it has successfully establish its place in the market. Traditionally, advertisement on television helps a solidifying in gaining attention of the Chinese consumers. However, the consumers react best while they get a recommendation from someone close to them. In China it is still very high likely to get peoples response via television mercantiles whereas in Australia the response rate is higher in radio advertisement.4.2 Personal CharacteristicsConsidering the factors of the Big five Model, Chinese people emphasis more on the concept of Face which is the influence of others. They are more likely to buy dear(predicate)/ luxurious product to keep up their face. They would always go for branded items or try something unusual and expensive. Researches show that the most popular brands of China are Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Gucci etc. On the other hand Australian people look for something reliable and longer lasting. The trait theory describes about consumers different characteristics which influences their purchase behaviour. For instance, people in China are low in dogmatism and so they have the drive towards new launch. This reflects the idea that, whether or not they will make a purchase just because its the newest, most popular item available or because it is truly what they need and/or want. On the other hand people with high dogmatism will stick to the brands they feel comfortable with.Purchasing behaviour of a consumer is also influenced by the way the product is advertised by the marketer. It faultlessly depends on how the market identifies its potential customer. For example the Billy Martin and George Steinbrenners emphasises on both seek and its less filling quality (appendix E). Traditionally, Chinese people are more likely to drink with a gathering of friends and family. So they would not respond very well to this television commercial.To sum it up, along with all the characteristics, culture and social norms are equally important for a product to be successful. If the product represent the existing values of specific region its more likely to receive better response.4.3 Maslows TheoryAccording to the Maslows hierarchy theory income is one of the study elements effecting consumer behaviour. As wages are continuously cost increase from the past few years in china, theres been a drastic change in peoples behaviour. The basic needs are met, so people are looking forward for the upper level of Maslows hierarchy pyramid. On the other hand, Australians expenditure has dropped down due to few financial strikes over the last few years. So, the Australian consumer market is concentrating more towards the Physiological needs level of Maslows hierarchy.Marketing Opportunity for Australian ExporterThe increasing westernization of China, coupled with the rapid growth rates experient by a developing thriftiness, has seen a attach increase in international investment within the Chines e economy representing a global situation of strong economic potential from such a large market base. The nature of the Chinese economys growth facilitates an increase in wealth per capita and allows for higher disposable incomes, which means that consumers have a greater ability to satisfy higher levels of Maslows hierarchy of needs.tourism represents a positive marketing opportunity for an Australian exporter due to the dramatic social, cultural and economic change that has taken place, as well as the potential influence that this market base might have on the entire tourism industry (S Chen and M Gassner 2012). The China National Tourism Administration forecasts that by the year 2015, China will have light speed million international travelers ( valet de chambre Travel Online 2011). Providing a assorted range of panoptic package tours empowers Chinese tourists to make consumer choices based on their personal characteristics and values. box offerings could take advantage of th e gift buying culture in China by including specific shopping stages throughout the trip, helping to fulfill the social needs of Chinese tourists (M Chiang 2012). This differentiated approach to package tours not only provides Chinese Tourists with a greater variety of options, but also helps them to learn about the wide range of Australian tourism products (D Buhalis and E Laws 2001). The marketer could also emphasize the importance and evolving nature of the relationship between Australia and China as a reason to choose Australian tourism products over other western offerings. Furthermore, since mostly the Middle Upper class of Chinese society will be the target market for the exporter select Australian tourism products could be marketed as being luxurious or lavish, which can help to satisfy the ego level of Maslows hierarchy of needs.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, it can be seen that the cultures in China and Australia are different as well as similar when it comes to consumer be haviour they react differently to advertisements and then to products. It is very important for marketers to musical score for this fact as explained with the help of Trait theory and Maslows theory of needs. This report also explains how tourism is a arise product that Australia can promote tourism to China as there is great potential for many joint ventures. It is important to also account for the similarities if the marketers want to get maximum advantage out of the consumers.7. ReferencesBeckman. M, Butler. C, 2003, Big in Asia, p191-192, Martins Press, Great BritainChurchill, Gilbert A. Peter, J. Paul, 1998, Marketing Creating value for Customer, 2nd Edition, Irwin/McGraw Hill (Boston)Engel James F., etc., Blackwell R.D., Miniard P.W., 1995, Consumer Behaviour, 8th Edition, U.S.A, Dryden PressD Buhalis and E Laws , Tourism Distribution bring Practices, Issues and Transformations 2001 Jennifer L. Aaker, Dimensions of Brand Personality, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 34 , No. 3 (Aug., 1997), pp. 347-356Frans Giele , Chinese Consumer Behaviour, An Introduction, sixth February 2009. Kotler, Philip, 2000, Marketing Management, Millennium Edition, Prentice Hall (Upper Saddle River, N.J.)Meera Komarraju , Steven J. Karau, Ronald R. Schmeck, Alen Avdic, 2011, The Big Five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement, Elsevier, p472-477, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, United StatesSchiffman, Leon, OCass, Aron, Paladino, Angela, DAlessandro, Steven, Bednall, David, 2011, Consumer Behaviour, 5th Edition, Pearson Australia Pty Ltd.Sergio Picazo-Velaa, Shih Yung Choua, Arlyn J. Melchera, John M. Pearsona, Why provide an online review? An extended theory of planned behavior and the role of Big-Five personality traits, Computers in Human Behavior, Volume 26, Issue 4, July 2010, Pp 685-696.World Travel online, China is forecast to be the number one source of tourists by 2015, 1 April 2011Yulia E. Chentsova-Dutton, Jeanne L. Tsai, 2010 , Self-Focused Attention and Emotional Reactivity The Role of gardening , p507-519, Georgetown University, Stanford University, AmericanYang Kuo-shu, 1986, Chinese Personality and its Change, p106-170, Oxford University Press, Hong KongZuroff. David C, 1986, Was Gordon Allport a Trait Theorist, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCultures of stash away Pros and ConsCultures of collect Pros and ConsWhy do people collect? What are the oppressive and the more therapeutic aspects of the cultures of collect?The phenomenon of compile is a universal feature of societies across the world. Current research recognises that museums organised over the last 150 yearsrepresent all sorts of possibilities for exploring other times, places and ways of life,1 yet as Gosden and Knowles state, there has been little in-depth research into the meaning and status of collections2 . This essay seeks to define the major approaches to studying the phenomenon of collecting, and how these approache s have been informed by a historic understanding of collections that has developed over time. Particular focus will be given to a Euro-centric understanding of collecting and how collecting has been used to represent self-sufficiency and preserve cultures which are under threat.Susan Pearce, from the University of Leicester, suggests that in modern post-Renaissance western society, museums are the governmental and cultural institutions entrusted with holding the square evidence, real things, which constitute much modern knowledge.3 Pearces paper examines how and why museums are perceived to make up set knowledge and values, while recognising that study of museums and collections has three distinctive approaches. Firstly, each museum object and specimen can be seen as individual, secondly, there exists the overlord care approach that seeks to better understand the mechanisms and demands behind the collections themselves, and thirdly there are interpretive approaches which exami ne the nature of collections. Scholarship recognises that the inclination to collect can be most clearly identified to have originated in the 18th century (eg Benedict, 20014). Benedict identifies her study as an examination of the facsimile of curiosity, of curiosities, and of curious people5, again like Pearce suggesting that the cultures of collecting are to be considered in direct relation to all three distinctions. Curiosity that Benedict argues lies at the heart of collecting was manifested in a variety of forms in the eighteenth century. In his review of Benedicts book Dennis Todd writes that these manifestations can be seen in novels, satiric poetry and drama, journalism, trial transcripts, prints, and reports of scientific experiments as well as in museums, exhibitions, and cabinets of curiosities and in works by Shadwell, Swift, Pope, Defoe, Walpole, Beckford, Samuel Johnson, Radcliffe, Godwin, and Mary Shelley6.Collecting in early societies has been identified as be ing closely associated with exhibiting as a process through which to display a collectors knowledge and education. For example, Wolfram Koeppe, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, states that pre-Renaissance societies had a taste for collecting the rum and the curious, and that this inclination had long been part of human evolution.7 Suetonius (died 122 A.D.) records that Augustus, the Roman Emperor had his houses embellished, not only with statues and pictures but also with objects which were curious by reason of their age and rarity, like the huge remains of monstrous beasts which had been discovered on the Island of Capri, called giants mug up or heroes weapons.8 The desire to showcase collections as symbols of power, knowledge and authority has meant that some collections have tended to possess less artistic merit and are more assertive and thus oppressive in their content and organisation. For example, African museum contents have proven to be a strong area for museum resea rchers to focus on. The Scramble for Art in Central Africa is a study of a group of collectors, such as Torday, Frobenius and Schwein peltth, who worked in the Belgian Congo at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and were interested in how objects such as carved figures or metal items reflected local social forms. As Gosden and Knowles explain, this is a process by which Africa was invented for the West, arriving back in the northern hemisphere nude of context and presented in private collections and museums so as to create particular impressions of African tribalism and designs.9 By removing objects from their original context and moving them to suit the commercial and social aspirations of a very different culture, the objects meaning is thus obscured and essentially altered. Although collecting objects in this way can, in some cases, preserve the existence of the objects, the motives behind the desire to possess the objects in the first instance are questionable . Many collectors in early twentieth-century England were unscrupulous in their acquirement and manipulation of unusual and collectable items. For example, the archaeologist and antiquarian collector known as Edward Cunnington developed a poor reputation for removing objects that he particularly care and keeping them at his own premises10.Benedict highlights the phenomenon of collecting to be intrinsically linked to ambition both personal and national, often with hegemonic motivation. In the eighteenth century, curiosity was associated with an empirical bent of mind in relation to new social opportunities and a new commercial culture that echoed curiositys desire for freshness and for the personal, intellectual, and moral development.11 Todd writes that collecting had an air of menace that in its restless geographic expedition of new realities, curiosity was dangerous, subversive .. By definition, it was motivated by a discontent with what one knew or with what one was. Its es sence was ambition.12 It is the opinions of many scholars that European countries have attempted to build strongholds for themselves by using collections to their economic and imperialist advantage, thus asserting their freedom from, and authority over, other countries. heathenish imperialism as constructed through Eurocentric means of production, imbued with Western ideologies, has resulted in biased interpretations of historical events. This means that ways of representing and exhibiting material can often tend to prefer and reinforce historical events which place Western societies in a strong and favourable light, focussing less on historical events or material that suggests otherwise. In picture taking, as suggested by Mark Sealy Director of Autograph, the connectedness of Black Photographers a Eurocentric hierarchy has developed from the propagation of canonical figures to sustain hegemonic control across the cultural and commercial industries.13 Sealy highlights Photogr aphy and the associated control of the distribution of images as being a vital component in the execution of Western, colonial policies, especially in relation to extreme, exploitative and rough imperial desires that endorsed systems such as slavery, suppression of tribal peoples and national independence movements.14 Although in the more obvious cases such as British picture taking of African culture this approach may be valid, the view that Eurocentric hegemonic control is all-pervading is damaging to the artistic credibility of collections which seek only to set ahead and sustain the culture that they represent.Understanding the phenomenon of collecting as a means of preserving and repatriating heritage can afford a more insightful perspective on the motivations of collections. In present cultures across the world the impulse to collect grows stronger in light of fading cultural distinctions and the spread of Westernised society. With a diminish island of opportunity for o riginal cultures to reassert their position and maintain their existence in specific geographical areas or types of landscape, collections can become celebrations of originality and uniqueness that is consistently threatened by the universality and uniformity of Western ideals. Collecting becomes a near-desperate attempt to keep hold of livelihoods and traditional ways of life. A good example of a culture under threat is the Cree Indians of Moosonee, Canada, whose Cree Village reconstruction offers tourists the opportunity to see a history of 300 years of the fur trade history. However, such museums can often fall short of Western expectations, being overpriced or poorly organised15. Kylie Message in her 2007 publication, sunrise(prenominal) Museums and the Making of Culture, speaks of the term survivance meaning more than survival .. tiptop our social and political consciousness.16 As a way of defending against the imminent spread of Western living, a museum called the National Museum of the North American Indian in Washington, DC has exhibits which actively try to erase the stamp of Euro-centric Imperialism on its culture. Opened in 2004 the museum was developed collaboratively between architecture groups and Native American Indians, with the main exhibits integrating religious, mythical themes and a series of displays created by diverse communities.17 These imply a welcome wall that spells the word welcome in hundreds of native languages, objects, stories all put together with the universal goal of political advocacy and the need to promote cultural rights.In contrast to the socio-political aspirations of indigenous cultures, the therapeutic qualities of collecting or collections are noted by Lois Silverman to include significant benefits or positive changes for individuals or groups. Participating in curriculum activities at museums can offer the chance to experience the problems and demands of lifestyles over time, and can be related to ones own dif ficulties. Being able to observe the shapes, forms, and meanings of certain arrangements of objects can offer revelatory experiences, and afford the psychological space to better endure ones own difficulties, while promoting positive change18. This phenomenon although only recently qualified as such has long been a feature of the museum experience. For example, in his essay On Experience, Michel de Montaigne (15331592) reflects For in my opinion, the most ordinary things, the most common and familiar, if we could see them in their true light, would turn out to be the grandest miracles of nature and the most marvellous examples, especially as regards the subject of the action of men.19 The role of memory in the understanding of cultural heritage is also closely linked to the therapeutic aspect of museum experience. Programmed events or tours are designed to dispel feelings of disassociation and to help the viewer engage with what they see rather than view it as a relic or something that bears little relation to themselves or their understanding of the world. Such an experience can precipitate remembrance of past events in the viewers own life that can help them to come to terms or better cope with life-threatening illnesses and behavioural health issues.In conclusion, the notion of collecting is a diverse concept, our understanding of which is often historically informed. Contemporary understandings of collections and collecting involve forays into the therapeutic and psychological effects of collections which can be experienced by the viewer. Caution must be exercised in the study of Western representations and interpretations of foreign cultures although, arguably, it is already too late, as Imperialist ideals are intrench in the Western methods of design, portrayal and interpretation of other cultures. It is a inspiration thought that Eurocentric ideology has had such a damaging effect on the welfare and existence of other cultures. As Sealy so keenly exp ressed the greater Africas exposure through the lens of European anthropologists, the greater was Africas cultural erasure.20 Since the eighteenth century understandings of the collector have changed from the image of the dusty antiquarian, to the more diverse and culturally aware motivation to collect that places socio-political aspirations at the forefront of collections. These understandings of collecting continue to be discussed by scholars today, and continue to develop according to changing social and academic trends.BibliographyAnderson, M.L., 1999, Museums of the prospective The Impact of Technology on Museum Practices. Daedalus. Vol 128. Issue 3. 129. American Academy of humanities and SciencesBenedict, B.M., 2001, A Cultural History of Early ripe Enquiry. stops and capital of the United Kingdom University of Chicago PressBennett,T. 1995 The Birth of the Museum History,Theory,Politics . Ch 2 The Evolutionary ComplexDean, D., 1996, Museum order of battle Theory and Pract ice. London RoutledgeGosden, C., and Knowles, C., 2001, Collecting Colonialism Material Culture and Colonial Change. rude(a) York BergHooper-Greenhill, E., 1995, Museum, Media Message. upstart York RoutledgeJameson, F., 1991, Postmodernism, Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. shorthorn Duke University PressKoeppe, W. Collecting for the Kunstkammer . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. bare-assed York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. operable from http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kuns/hd_kuns.htmAccessed 31/10/08Krauss,R., 2004, The Cultural Logic of the Late Capitalist Museum, reprinted in D.Preziosi and C.Farago eds Grasping the World, pp. 600-611Message, K., 2007, New Museums and the Making of Culture. Berg Publishers.Miles, R., and Zavala, L. (eds), 1994, Towards the Museum of the Future New European Perspectives. New York RoutledgeMillgate, M., 2004, Thomas Hardy A Biography Revisited. New York Oxford University PressPearce, S., Studying Museum Material and Col lections, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol 1, Issue 1, (1994), pp.30-39Salloum, H., Among the Cree Indians of Canada. COntemporayr Review, (Jan, 1998). online. Available fromBNET http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1584_v272/ai_20539966/pg_4Accessed 31/10/08Sealy, M., 2007, White racket Photography and Visual Power. online. Available fromhttp//thedemocraticimage.opendemocracy.net/participate-blog-for-us/Accessed 31/10/08Sherman, D., and Rogoff, I., 1994, Museum Culture Histories, Discourses, Spectacles. London RoutledgeSilverman, LH., The alterative Potential of Museums as Pathways to Inclusion. In Sandall, R., 2002, Museums, Society, Inequality. London RoutledgeTodd, D., 2002, Curiosity A Cultural History of Early Modern Inquiry. Criticism. Vol 44. 2. P. 189+. Wayne State University PressWitcomb, A., 2003, Re-Imagining the Museum Beyond the Mausoleum. New York Routledge1Footnotes1 Gosden, C., and Knowles, C., 2001, Collecting Colonialism Material Culture and Colonial Change. New York Berg, p.49.2 ibidem3 Pearce, S., Studying Museum Material and Collections, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol 1, Issue 1, (1994), pp.30-394 Benedict, B.M., 2001, A Cultural History of Early Modern Enquiry. Chicago and London University of Chicago Press, p.1.5 ib.6 Todd, D., 2002, Curiosity A Cultural History of Early Modern Inquiry. Criticism, Vol. 44, p.189.7 Koeppe, W., Collecting for the Kunstkammer . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Available from http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kuns/hd_kuns.htm Accessed 31/10/088 Ibid.9 Gosden, C., and Knowles, C., 2001, Collecting Colonialism Material Culture and Colonial Change. New York Berg, p.49.10 See Michael Millgate, 2004, Thomas Hardy A Biography Revisited. New York Oxford University Press, p.227.11 Todd, 2002, p.189.12 Ibid.13 Sealy, M., 2007, White Noise Photography and Visual Power. online. Available fromhttp//thedemocraticimage.opendem ocracy.net/participate-blog-for-us/Accessed 31/10/0814 Ibid.15 See Salloums article Among the Cree Indians of Canada. Contemporary Review, (Jan, 1998). online. Available from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1584_v272/ai_20539966/pg_4Accessed 31/10/08.16 Message, K., 2007, New Museums and the Making of Culture. Berg Publishers.17 Ibid.18 Silverman, LH., The curative Potential of Museums as Pathways to Inclusion. In Sandall, R., 2002, Museums, Society, Inequality. London Routledge, pp.69-78.19 Cited in Koeppe, 2000.20 Sealy, M., 2007, White Noise Photography and Visual Power. online. Available fromhttp//thedemocraticimage.opendemocracy.net/participate-blog-for-us/Accessed 31/10/08.

What Are The Factors Affecting The Employee Motivation Business Essay

What ar The Factors Affecting The Employee pauperization Business EssayThis chapter gives commonplace information and theories intimately motive. The contend to increase productivity and efficiency in the movement canside of any organization has led to increasing academic interest in the ara of need any over the years. The business environment is becoming to a greater extent and more competitive all the time and managers feel pressured to muster saucy ways to motivate their employees in order to keep them committed to the fellowship and give their full mathematical process. Writers reach been keenly interested in cognize what factors be responsible for stimulating the ability to range. Many variant theories and methods of employee motivation that range from m geniustary incentives to increased involvement and empowerment wealthy person sum out over the years and some of these theories ar introduced in this thesis. footing of the studyMotivation relates to a range of psychological processes that guide an psyche toward a goal and cause that person to keep pursuing that goal. Motivation often is described in terms of direction (the choice of star activity over an opposite), intensity (how hard an employee tries) and persistence (how long an employee continues with a behavior, even in the face of obstacles or adverse circumstances). Motivated employees produce harder, produce higher quality and greater quantities of work, be more apt(predicate) to engage in organizational citizenship behaviors, and ar less likely to cede the organization in search of more fulfilling opportunities. Moreover, highly motivated employees gain to produce at the highest practicable take and exert greater hunting expedition than employees who are not motivated (Schultz Bagraim, Potgieter, Viedge, and Werner ( 200353). Employees need a range of motivators in order to remain engaged in their work. In response to this demand, employers are looking at how to satisfy their employees on both an extrinsic, financial take as sanitary as an inbred, psychological level. there are bay window of motivational theories emphasizing what it is that motivates people, two of these theories overwhelmd in this thesis, were Maslows need pecking order and Hertzbergs two factor surmisal. Moreover, Maslow (1970) offered his need hierarchy according to which human beings have their needfully arranged in a hierarchy such that they are motivated to seek bliss of the lower levels of need first. Once that level of need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator, and the person is motivated by the next level up the hierarchy. Referring to figure 1, the basic ask such as shelter, food and warmth are at the dirty dog level of Maslows hierarchy, which then progresses through physical well-being, social acceptance, self-esteem, to self-actualization (realizing unrivalleds own potential).http//25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lwnr5m6L4u1qmjqdio1_500.jp g think Maslows hierarchy of needsThe first four levels arePhysiological hunger, thirst, physical comforts, shelterSafety and security out of dangerBelongingness and Love link up with others, be acceptedSelf-esteem to achieve, be competent, gain approval and light. match to Maslow (1970), an individual is ready to act upon the outgrowth needs if and only if the neediness needs are met. Maslows initial conceptualization included only one growth need self-actualization. Self-actualized people are characterized byBeing problem-foc utiliseIncorporating an current freshness of appreciation of lifeA concern about personalized growth andThe ability to have peak experiences.Maslow and Lowery (1998) later differentiated the growth need of self-actualization, specialally identifying two of the first growth needs as part of the more general level of self-actualization and one beyond the general level that focuse on growth beyond that oriented towards self.These needs areCognitive to d rive in, to understand, and exploreAesthetic symmetry, order, and beautySelf-actualization to find self-fulfillment and realize ones potential andSelf-transcendence to connect to something beyond the ego or to attention others find self-fulfillment and realize their potential.Maslows basic position is that as one becomes more self-actualized and self- olympian, one becomes more wise (develops wisdom) and automatically knows what to do in a wide variety of situations. Daniels (2001) suggested that Maslows ultimate conclusion that the highest levels of self-actualization are transcendent in their nature may be one of his most authoritative contri aloneions to the study of human behavior and motivation.A second well-known theory in this category is Hertzbergs two-factor theory. According to Herzberg (1959), work motivation is dependent on hygiene factors (salary, prestige) and motivators ( achievement, responsibility). A person is motivated if both kinds of needs are satisfied. Herz berg (1987) declared that real motivation is only reached when a person experiences self-growth, which mountain only be satisfied through work enrichment.http//mathehu.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/herzberg_2.jpg?w=550h=418 radiation diagram Herzbergs Two Factor TheoryHerzbergs two-factor theory of conjecture- pleasure is not new, as a matter of fact it dates back to 1959 and is the outgrowth of a investigate study project on job steads conducted by (Herzberg, Mausner Snyderman, 1969). Herzberg (1959) addresses the problem of job satisfaction in terms of those factors which cause satisfaction (motivators) and those which cause dissatisfaction (hygienes).Factors which land about job satisfaction are commonly called satisfiers or motivators and were strand from the study to be related to the nature of the work itself and the advantages that result from the writ of execution of that work. The most signifi shadowt of these involve characteristics that promote an individuals needs for self-actualization and self-realization in his work. These factors are essentially linked to job content, which means they are intrinsic to the job itself. Herzberg analyzed and classified the job content factors or gratifying experiences as followsSatisfiersAchievementRecognitionWork itselfResponsibilityAdvancement proceedsAccording to Herzberg (1959), these factors stand out as strong determiners of job satisfaction with terce of them, a sense of performing interesting and important work (work itself), job responsibility and advancement being the most important sex act to a lasting attitude charge. Achievement more so than recognition, was oftentimes associated with such long-range factors as responsibility and the nature of the work itself. Robbins, (2003) emphasized that employee recognition consists of personal attention, expressing interest, promotion, pay, approval and appreciation for a job well done. Recognition which produces good feelings about the job does not n ecessarily have to come from superiors it may come from subordinates, peers, or customers. It is interesting to note that recognition based on achievement provides a more intense satisfaction than does recognition used solely as a human traffic tool divorced from any accomplishment, the latter does not serve as a satisfier. Schultz, et al,(2003) stated that some ways to improve motivation include good remuneration, effective training and skills development, a proper recognition and reward system, and employee growth prospects.Compared with the satisfiers or motivators are the factors which cause low job attitude situations or job dissatisfaction. Such factors were found from the analysis of the study results to be associated primarily with an individuals congenatorship to the context or environment in which he does his work, These factors are extrinsic to the work itself and are referred to as dissatisfies or hygiene (or maintenance).DissatisfiersCompany policy and administrationS upervisionWorking conditionsInterpersonal relations (with peers, subordinates and superiors)StatusJob securitySalaryPersonal Life expatiate on the methods used by Herzberg and his colleagues to reduce and analyze their research selective information pass on not be discussed in this paper. The satisfiers and dissatisfiers that have been listed are referred to as first level factors. Bassett-Jones and Lloyd (2005) suggests that the content theorists led by Herzberg, assumed a more complex interaction between both internal and immaterial factors, and explored the circumstances in which individuals respond to different internal and orthogonal stimuli.There has been an enormous increase in research into motivation. Many studies have implicate relation between motivation and other behavioral and organizational uncertain such as workable levers over work motivation such as comparing job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment (Moynihan Pandey, 2007). They find t hat managers have varying degrees of influence over these different aspects of work motivation, with sterling(prenominal) influence over job satisfaction and least influence over job involvement. A number of variables are important for work motivation, including familiar service motivation, advancement opportunities, role clarity, job routineness, and group culture.Testing an denotative and implicit measure of motivation ( Lawrence Jordan, 2009). Summarizing the result of the study they came to the conclusion that the feature between two types of motives, is real and determined by different developmental histories, activation by different incentives, and prediction of different types of behavior.Langens, Schmalt and Sokolowski (2005) indicated that, recognizing the motive expression of a person can help us get to know which incentives cause positive emotions and influence the striving for a goal, and, on the other hand, we can predict which situations can cause fear and unders tand how they can be avoided.Schuler and Prochaska (2001), Zimmermann (2008) stressed that along with the cognitive abilities, general achievement motivation can be viewed as the second career relevant trait, important for both academic and career success.Schuler (2000), Frintrup, (2002) stated that abilities and skills are important prerequisites of boffo work performance. But when employees lack job-related motivation, these qualities cannot be fully revealed. Then, high achievement motivation, along with intelligence, becomes relevant and plays an especially important role in situations when no external pressure exists and people have to make independent decisions.As previously mentioned there are many motivational theories, studies and findings about employee motivation, but this thesis will be prepareed to the use of some of these researches and or motivational theories.Research question and sub questionsThe research question that shall be answered by the present research is as follows what motivates employee at their workplace? In order to answer this overarching question, several sub-questions shall be considered, namelyWhat are the factors alter the employee motivation?How important are incentives for the employee?To what extend does the economy of Curaao motivates or demotivates the employee?What are the personal factors that can motivate an employee to commit to their jobs?How significant are the companys warning and values to the employee?Also the differences in work motivation in different level of education, age groups and nationalities will be studied. This will be possible through analysis of information gathered from employees working at the three topical anesthetic airlines, using the method of a quantitative research. Local airlines study 3 airlines, namely Insel melodic phrase, Dutch Antilles transmit and Divi Divi Air N.V. A drawing introduction of the local airlines will follow.Insel Air is an IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) sure airline, operating 16 international destinations in 11 countries within the Pan-American region. In South America InselAir operates on destinations Caracas, Valencia, Barquisimeto and Las Piedras in Venezuela, Medellin in Colombia and Suriname. Destinations within the ground forces include Miami, Charlotte and Puerto Rico. Other destinations in the Caribbean are Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Kingston, St. Maarten, St. Domingo and Haiti. Destinations Miami, Charlotte, St. Maarten Curacao and Aruba are used as hubs. Insel-Air s international destinations and hub service give it great authorisation in creating connectivity within the Pan-American region while focusing on safety, on-time performance and great customer service. Insel-Air offers a Comfort Class next to an prudence Class, free on-board food and beverages, first two checked bags for free and seats with a maximum of 34 inch legroom in Comfort Class. Insel-Air operates rough 46 flights per day with a crew of 165 employees .Dutch Antilles Express has been providing cargo run since April 2005. With two Fokker 100s DAE operates out of the hub Curacao Hato International aerodrome to numerous locations across the Caribbean and South America. DAE Cargo has adopted the same principles as its on-time and quality passenger run. Parallel to their expanding flight network, DAE is providing effective and quality services to more and more new locations. With the support of 134 employees, DAE carries passengers and cargo to Aruba, Bonaire, St. Maarten, Sto. Domingo, Caracas, Valencia (Venezuela), Bogot, Cartagena (Colombia), Paramaribo (Suriname) and Panam City.Divi Divi Air N.V., is a small efficient airline giving big services with a team 12 employees. Established in 2001 and based on Curaao, with a ticket office in Curaao as well as Bonaire. Divi Divi Air N.V., locally known as e Divi Divi (The Divi Divi) operates about 7 to 9 flights daily between the islands. They can also cater to your specific needs with charters on demand in the region. Divi Divi operates 3 twin-engine aircraft of which two are nine seat Britten-Norman Islanders.Purpose of the studyThe following are objectives of this researchTo investigate the causes of low employee motivation at the workplace.To identify factors that could improve the level of motivation of employees at the workplace.To suggest strategies that could improve the quality of work-life of their workplace.There are many factors that motivate people intrinsically. The motivational factor of these matters is based on humans urge to fulfill certain needs. Not all of them can be applied in work motivation, but the ones that are executable for this purpose are introduced next. The inner motivation factors include acceptance, the need for approval curiosity, the need to learn honor, the need to be loyal to the handed-down values of ones clan/ethnic group idealism, the need for social referee independence, the need for individuality order, the need for org anized, stable, predictable environments power, the need for influence of will saving, the need to collect social contact, the need for friends (peer relationships) status, the need for social standing(a)/importance tranquility, the need to be safe and vengeance, the need to strike back/to win. Reiss (2004) said that these basic desires give people inner work motivation when they seek to fulfill some of these needs.Limitations and delimitationsThe limitation is being considered in relation to the natural explanation to which the researcher has limited the study and the active choices to limit the study area. This study is limited to existing theories and models, and their influence and limitation on motivation of the employee. The focus will be on independent variables that the airlines and or their employee in one or another way can influence, with censure of the external factors which one cannot control directly but monitor, delimitated in local airlines.Variables that will be us ed are personal needs, organizational building and external factors. Of the individual factors, the most important factors will be chosen. For organizational factors it will be limited to study the organizational culture and the incentives, the external factors, the economy will be touched. Approximately 100 employees will be studied in different education levels, age groups and nationalities.Setup of the thesisIn chapter 2, a motivation factors model is presented and explained. In this part, the definition of work motivation, factors that influences the work motivation, and different work motivation theories used in the thesis are discussed. Further, different work-related behaviors are introduced and some general information. Chapter 3, the methodology used is explained e.g. the research method, procedures, instruments and representativeness is presented.Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 ..On the last page(s), a annexe list of the journals used in this thesis is included.

Role Of 3d Animators In Motion Capture Film Studies Essay

Role Of 3d Animators In bm Capture Film Studies EssayIn the world of coming(prenominal) technologies and innovations it has suit hard for traditional techniques to withstand. Same is the case here in wrong of 3d elan vital which is become an integral f faker of the postulate manufacturing here for a bulky quadrupletth dimension and the execution secure which is upcoming and is here to stay. act get being the favourite of e actually cognize achieve movie director is gaining attention in the rent industry.In producing inherent brag films with Computer invigoration, the industry is currently split amidst studios that use interrogative Capture, and studios that do non. Out of the three nominees for the 2006 Academy confront for Best Animated Feature, two of the nominees (Monster House and the winner Happy Feet) use deed Capture, and only Pixars Cars was animated without Motion Capture. In the ending ascribe of Pixars latest film Ratatouille, a stamp appears denominateling the film as speed of light% Pure Animation No Motion CaptureFor 3D bread and butters, objects be built on the computing machine monitor and 3D figures be cheat with a realistic skeleton. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc.of the figure are moved by the animator on diagnose frames. The differences in expression between key frames are automatic eachy calculated by the computing device. To gain to a greater extent(prenominal) reserve of the interposition, a parameter curve editor is available in the absolute majority of the 3D vim packages. The parameter curve editor shows a pictorial represendation of the variation of a parameters value over time (the aliveness curve). Altering the shape of the curve results into a change in interpolation and at that come to the forefore into a change in the speed of doubt. By ever-changing the interpolation it is possible to avoid surface interpenetration ( much(prenominal) as fingers run into distributiv ely other) when transitioning from unmatched hand shape to the next. The realism of keyframe livings depends largely on the animators ability to vex believe keyframe ( existent hand shapes) and on his ability to encounter the interpolation between the keyframe i.e., the speed and fluidity of crusade. Rendering takes place in the vitality finally. record of 3D animationIn the social class 1824 ray Ro be purpose presented his paper The persistence of vision with regard to paltry objects to the British Society. In 1831 Dr.Joseph Antoine Plateau (a Belgian scientist) and Dr.Simon Rittrer constructed a machine called a phenakistoscope. This machine produced an conjury of the movement by allowing a viewer to gaze at a rotating disk containing small windows behind the windows was a nonher disk containing a age of compasss. When the disks were rotated at the correct speed, the synchronization of the windows with the images spend a pennyd an animated effect. Eadweard Muybridge obtained his photographic collect of animals in work. Zoetrope (series of sequential images in a revolving drum) when the drum is revolved the slits in the drum raises the invocation of dubiousness and becomes archetypical natural movie- similarly film creates this partiality by having 1 image then black then image then black again. Thaumatrope twirl it and the two images superimpose on each other. Two frame animation.In 1887 Thomas Edison st crafted his explore work into action pictures. He announced his base of the kinetoscope which projected a 50ft length of film in approximately 13 seconds. Emile Renynaud in 1892 combining his earlier inventions of the praxinoscope with a projector opens the Theatre Optique in the Musee Grevin. It displays an animation of images painted on long strips of celluloid. Louis and Augustine Lumiere issued a patent for a device called cinematography capable of projecting locomote pictures. Thomas Armat imageed the vitascope which projecte d the films of Thomas Edison. This machine had a major influence on all sub-sequent projectors. J.Stuart Blackton made the rootage animated film which he called Humorous phases of Funny faces in 1906. His method was to draw suspicious faces on a blackboard and film them. He would stop the film, use up unmatched face to draw another, and then film the new(a)ly bony face. The stop bowel movement provided a starting effect as the facial expressions changed ahead the viewers eyes. Emile Cohl makes En Route the first cut-out animation. This technique saves time by not having to redraw each new cell, only reposition the paper. Winsor McCay produced an animation sequence exploitation his peculiar strip theatrical role Little Nemo. John R squash applies for a patent on numerous techniques for animation. One of the just about radical is the impact of printing the backgrounds of the animation. In 1914 Winsor McCay produced a cartoon called Gertie. The trained Dinosaur which ama zingly consisted of 10,000 drawings.In 1914 Earl Hurd applies for a patent for the technique of drawing the animated quite a little of an animation on a clear celluloid sheet and later photographing it with its coordinated background ( cubicle animation).Cell and Paper Animation TechniqueBy the mid-1910s animation production in US already dominated by the techniques of cell and paper. Cell animation was much popularized in America than in Europe because ofAssembly dividing line Taylorism that had taken America by storm. Cell Animation was most appropriate to the assembly-line style of manufacturing because it took a whole line of persons working on real specific and simple repetitive duties. On the other hand, in Europe where the assembly-line style of work was not boost, body animation and other shapes of animation that required only a a couple of(prenominal) individuals working on the set at a time was more popularized. Because the actual set could only afford a limited pith of individuals working at one time in concert and no more this style and other alternative forms of animation became more widely accepted. Disney-cell animation draw each image one at a time victimisation onion-skinning technique.Traditional cell animation drawings created one by one animators create the keyframe and assistances create in-betweens onion skinning movement utilize to make easier the fictional record drawing of each additional image.The international pillowcaseistic Syndicate complete m both titles including Silk Hat Harry, Bringing up Father and Krazy Kat. In 1923 the first feature-length animated film called El Apostol is created in Argentina. 1923 power saw the discovery of Disney Brothers draw Studio by Walt and Roy Disney. Walt Disney extended goo Fleischers technique of combining detain action with cartoon roles in the film Alices Wonderland. Warner Brothers released The Jazz Singer which introduced unite sound and images. Ken K nowlton workin g at Bell Laboratories started developing computer techniques for producing animated movies. University of Utah, Ed Catmull develops an animation scripting language and creates an animation of a smoothen shaded hand. Ref E.Catmull,A system for computer generated movies, Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1972. Beier and Neely, at SGI and PDI individually publish an algorithm where line correspondences carry morphing between 2d images.Demo is Michael Jacksons drift picture Black and White.Ref T.Beier and S.Neely,Feature-Based image metamorphosis. Computer Graphics July 1992.Chen and Williams at the orchard apple tree publish a paper on view interpolation for 3d walkthoughs.Ref S.E.Chen and L.Williams,View Interpolation for image Systhensis. Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series1993. Jurassic Park uses CG for pictorial living creatures. The stars of this movie directed by Steven Spielberg were the realistic fonting and moving 3d-dinosaurs, created by I ndustrial Light and Magic. With each new step into the next generation of computer graphics comes new and more believable CGI characters such as those found in Dinosaur. In Dinosaur the creation and implementation of realistic digital hair on the lemurs is acknowledged. later(prenominal) seeing it, George Lucas, director of the Star War series, concluded the time was in that respect to start working on his new Star Wars movies. In his opinion 3d-animation was now advanced enough to believably create the alien worlds and characters he already wanted to make since the early late seventies.In the year 1995 gip Story the first full length 3D CG feature film. The first CGI feature-length animation and Pixars first feature film. The primary characters are toys in the mode of this six-year-old boy Andy, and is mostly told from their point of view. On entrance of computers and 3d instruction software feature length films of high polish arouse be created practical(prenominal)ly i n 3d. Toy Story is considered to be a first animated feature ever generated completely on computers. Disney and Pixar partnered up to create this film. Star Wars, more or less every shot of this movie is enhancing with 3d-animation. It features very realistic 3d-aliens and environment. Lord of the Rings Two Towers was the first Photorealistic consummation confiscated character for a film Gollum was to a fault the first digital actor to win an honor (BFCA), category created for Best Digital Acting Performance.MOTION CAPTUREMotion fetch, motion tracking, or mocap are terms apply to describe the process of recording movement and translating that movement onto a digital model. For medical coatings and for confirmation of computer vision and robotics, and it is use in military, entertainment, sports too. To recording actions of benevolent actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2d and 3d computer animation is how it is termed in film making. Per formance juggle is referred when it includes face, fingers and captures problematic expressions. Movements of one or more actors are sampled many times per second, although with most techniques motion capture records only the movements of the actor, not his/her visual appearance, in motion capture sessions. This animation info is mapped to a 3d model so that the model performs the same actions as the actor.Although there are many diverse systems for capturing motion capture information, they tend to fall broadly into two distinguishable categoriesOne contains visual systems, which employ photogrammetry to establish the position of an object on 3D space based on its observed location inside the 2d fields of a number of cameras. Data is produced by these systems indoors 3 degrees freedom from each marker, and rotational information must be inferred from the relative orientation of the sensors with respect to a transmitter. Collecting of motion data from an image without using photogrammetry or magnetic equipment is referred to as motion tracking.In The Lord of the Rings in 1978, animated film where the visual appearance of the motion of an actor was filmed, then the film used a guide for the frame by frame motion of a hand-drawn animated character the technique is comparable to the older technique of rotoscope. The camera movements drive out also be motion captured so that a virtual(prenominal) camera in the gibe pull up stakes pan, tilt, or dolly around the stage set by a camera operator, sequence the actor is performing and the motion capture the camera and props as well as the actors performance. By doing this, it allows the computer generated characters, images and sets, to subscribe the same perspective as the video images and sets, to ache the same perspective as the video images from the camera. The actors movements are displayed by means of the computer process, providing the desired camera positions terms of the objects in the set. Matc h moving or camera tracking is referred to retroactively obtaining camera movement data from the captured footage.History of MocapThe mocap engineering of the modern day has been developed by the led in the medical science, army, and computer generated imagery (CGI) where it is used for a wide mannequin of purposes. Mocap had successful attempts long before the computer technology had become available. primal attemptsThe invention of zoopraxiscope was because a of a bet of $25,000 on whether all four feet of a horse leave the ground simultaneously or not. Endeared Muybridge (1830-1904) who invented the zoopraxiscope was natural in England and became a popular landscape photographer in San Francisco. Muybridge prove the fact that all four feet of a trotting horse simultaneously get tailcelled the ground. He did so by capturing a horses movement in a sequence of photographs taken with a set of one 12 cameras trigged by the horses feet. The earlier motion capture devices are cons idered to be zoopraxiscope. This technology was perfected by Muybridge himself. His books, Animals in motion (1899) and The Human Figures in Motion (1901) are still used by many artists, such as animators, cartoonists, illustrators, painters as valuable references. Muybridge is a originate of a mocap and motion pictures.In the same year a physiologist and the inventor of a portable sphygmograph was born in France and his name is Etienne Jules Marey. Sphygmograph is an instrument that records the pulse and blood pressure graphically. modify versions of his instruments are still used today.Marey met Muybridge in Paris in the year 1882 and is the detecting year he invented the chronophotographic gun to record animal motive power but quickly abandoned it, this invention was inspired by Muybridges work. He invented a chronophotographic fixed-plate camera with a timed shutter that allowed him to expose three-fold images on a plate in the same year. The camera initially captured imag es on a glass plate but later he replaced glass plates with film paper, by this way film strips where introduced to the motion picture. Mareys render wearing his mocap suit shows striking resemblances to skeletal mocap data in the photographs. investigate subjects of Marey included cardiology, experimental physiology, instruments in physiology, and locomotion of humans, animals, birds, and insects. Marey used one camera in motion capture comparing to Muybridge who used multiple cameras. afterwards the year in which Muybridge and Marey passed away Harold Edgerton was born in Nebraska. In the early 1920s Edgreton developed his photographic skills as a student while he studied at the University of Nebraska. While working on his get the hang degree electrical engineering at the Massachusetts in 1926 at the Institute of Technology(MIT), he realized that he couldnt observe the a part of his motor which is rotating as if the motor were turned off by matching the frequency of the strobes chinchyes to the speed of the motors rotation. Stroboscope was developed to freeze fast moving objects and capture them on film by Edgerton in 1913. Edgreton became a pioneer in high-speed photography.The first successful underwater camera in 1937 was designed by Edgreton and made many trips abroad the research watercraft Calypso with French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau. The design and building of deep sea flash electronic equipment in 1954 was done by him. Edgreton passes away in 1990 where his long career as an educator and researcher at MIT.RotoscopingMax Fleisher and art editor for Popular Science Montly who was born in Vienna in 1883 who moved to the U.S with his family, he came up with an idea of producing animation by analyze live action film frame by frame. Fleisher filmed David his brother, in the year 1915 in a clown costume and they spent almost a year making their first animation using rotoscope. He obtained a patent for rotoscope in 1917.In the year 1918 when World War I ended he produced the first animation in the Out of the inkwell series and he also established Out of the Inkwell,Inc.,which was later renamed as Fleischer Studio. In this series the animation and the live action was mixed and Fleischer himself interacted with animation characters, Koko the clown and Fitz the dog. Before Disneys S police squadboat Willie, in the year 1924 thats 4 years before he had a synchronised soundtrack. Characters such as Popeye and Superman were all animated characters from Fleischers studio. Betty Boop first appeared in Fleischers animation and later became a comic strip character. In 30s early animations were filled with sexual humour, ethnic jokes, and gags. When the convert Production Code (censorship) laws became effective in 1934 it affected Fleischer studio more than other studios. Betty Boop lost her garters and sex aggregation as a result.After almost after 4 years of production Walt Disney presented the first feature length animation, play false White and Seven Dwarfs. Snow White was a huge success. The distributer of Fleischers animation paramount pressured Max and David Fleischer to produce feature length animations. The two feature films Gullivers Travel (1939) and Mr. tapdances Goes to Town (1941) were produced by the bills borrowed from Paramount. Both of the films were a disaster in the box office. The failure of Mr. Bug made Paramount fire the Fleischer brothers and changed the studios name from Famous Studios. Max Fleischer sued Paramount over the distribution of his animations. He signed a Betty Boop merchandising mussiness for King Features, a unit of the Hearst Corporation before he died in the year 1972.The use of Rotoscoping can be seen in the Disney animations, starting with Snow White. Later Disney animations characters were highly stylized and Rotoscoping became a method for studying human and animal motions. Comparison between film footages and the corresponding scenes in the animations reveals skilful and selective use of Rotoscoping by Disney animators. They went above and beyond Rotoscoping. Snow Whites can be attributed to Walt Disneys detailed attention to the plot, character development and artistry.Both Max Fleischer and Walt Disney were highly innovative individuals however, it is said true that Disneys memory belongs to the public Maxs to those who commemorate him by choice (Herald son, 1975).Beginning of Digital MocapIn the 1970s the research and development of digital mocap technology started in pursuit of medical and military applications. In 1980s CGI industry discovered the technologys potentials. In the 1980s there were floppy disks that were actually floppy and most computers were equipped with monochrome monitors approximately with calligraphic displays. To view color images, for example rendered animation frames, images had to be sent to a frame buffer, which was a lot shared by multiple users due(p) to its cost. Large computers were housed in ice col d server rooms. Offices were files with the noise of window glass matrix printers. In the 1980s ray tracing and radiocity algorithms were published. Based on these algorithms renderers required a supercomputer or workstations to render animations frames in a valid amount of time. Personnel computers werent powerful enough. CPUs, memories, storage devices, and applications were more expensive than today. wave front technologies developed and marketed the first commercial of the shelf 3D computer animation software in 1985. At that time only a fistful of animation production companies existed. Most of the animations that they produced were flying logos for TV commercials or TV programmes opening sequences. The pieces were 15 to 30 seconds long. In the 1980s the readers who saw Brilliance probably still remember the astonishment of seeing a computer generated character, a shiny female robot, moving like a real human being.Brilliance being the first successful application of mocap t echnology in CGI,Total Recall was the first failed attempt to use mocap in a feature film. The post production companies contracted to produce do for the 1990 science fiction film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sharon Stone, Metrolight Studio being one of them. Metrolight decided to use mocap to create an animation sequence of moving skeletons for the scene in which Schwarzeneggers character goes through a large airport certificate X-ray machine, along with other people and a dog. Operator from an optic mocap equipment company was sent out to a location with mocap system. A team from metrolight followed the operators instruction while capturing performances by Schwarzenegger and other performers. They went home believing that the capture session had gone well and the mocap company would deliver the mocap data after cleaning and processing. What so ever metrolight never received usable data and had to crap up using mocap for the scene.Metrolights unfortunate experience teaches us one lesson that we should hire only a service provider with a honest track record and references.In 1995 FX Fighters released its first real-time fighting with 3D characters in 3D environments. Its also one of the first video games that used mocap technology to give realism to 3D characters movements. By the user foreplay using a set of motion captured actions, game characters are animated in real time. The pieces of actions are played in such a way that the player does not notice the transition from one action to another giving an impression that the player is fully in control of a game characters movement. Seeing the success of the game, other game companies were encouraged to use mocap in their games.In the 1980s and 1990s these pioneering efforts have shown precious development and achievement in digital mocap. In the recent years, in addition to medicine, and entertainment, mocap applications have been found in many other fields. Mocap is used by various sports to analyz e and enhance the athletes performances and prevent injuries. Designers use mocap to study users movements, constrains, and interactions with environments and to design better products. Mocap is used by engineers to analyze human movements and design robots that walk like us. Mocap is also used by art historians and educators to scroll and study performances by dancers and actors. For instance, in 1991 an intricate performance by legendary French mime Marcel Marceau (1923-2007) was captured at the Ohio State University to preserve his humanities for future generations.3D ANIMATION PRODUCTION PIPELINESales leafConvincing the big jobs to work on the story.Story plot lusty summaryWhat the films about, what happens in it and extra variations that may or may not appear in the final product.StoryboardsBasic sketches of the scenes.(Time normally taken = 6 months)Voice recordingAt first the artists themselves do the voice playing to put a connection from the story board to the script to give an idea of the film, later on celebrities are paid to be the character voices.Storyboard reelPictures in a timescale with voice recordings playing in conjunction, basically a really basic film.Concept artArtists try to create the look and recover of the scenery and the characters from the scripts, voice talent and the basic drawings, the artists get first crack at how lighting sets the mood too castingThe characters, props and landscape have started to be created in 3d hinges have been added to them to give them movement. Everything is still in frame form, no textures have been added just (think skeletons).DressingThe models and props are skinned according to the mood and feel the team wants for the film to portray. ginger nut layoutThe Basically skinned objects and characters are set into positions to work out camera angles and movement, nothing is truly animated or skinned yet, the recordings of these final cuts are passed onto the animation team.(Time Usually taken = 4 weeks)AnimationThe models are animated, everything such as the skeleton is already there so they are basically choreographers (think puppeteers). They move the mouth and ligaments according to the sounds and the scripts.(Time usually taken 4 weeks)Shadingshading changes surfaces according to the lighting on it, it affects the models colour depending on the lighting situation e.g. light bouncing off a shiny metal surface is successfully done thank to a shader. Shaders are added to the landscapes, models and props.LightingLighting is added to the scenes, Lighting is what actually makes everything look great. Lighting is based on the mood scripts.(Time usually taken = 8 weeks)RenderingThe final product is rendered this can take a wickedness of a lot of time to render one frame depending on the quality of the graphics put into.Touch-upsThings such as music scores, peculiar(prenominal) effects and sound effects are added, the film is also save to an appropriate format.MOTION CAPTURE PRODUCTION PIPELINEPre-ProductionStoryboard development Shot analysisIt is important to work out exactly what action is ask at this stage, plus any restrictions which may impede the actor. on that point are several factors which need to be addressedDoes the actors size correspond to that of the character.Should the actor have any props, or costume (for example having the actor where horns for your behemoth character in your mocap session, will prevent the arms going through the horns at the implementing stage) The spatial surrounding should be a factor.Will the motion need to be blended (e.g. A running motion, as the motion capture studio will only capture a part of the run).Character RiggingDevelop a character rig, which involves the following unified the actors size as much as possible.Constraining the joints.Problems may include exporting out of your animation package into the correct format (e.g. .xsi into fbx) some(prenominal) opposite export formats should be tested to realize which suites best with the character rig (e.g. .bvh, .fbx, etc).Actual Motion CapturedThis can be viewed on a rig in real time. There are several different forms of Motion Capture devices. The most commonly used areMechanical, Optical, and electromagnetic (magnetic)Cleaning DataThis involves several data manipulators being applied to the motion capture data. In optical motion capture systems, for example, after you capture the movements of your actors, the data is stored as raw 2D data. Reconstruction process will convert it into continuous 3D trajectories. Label process will label all the trajectories and so on. Additional processing may be indispensable when there are data gaps, jitters and other data-noises.Implementing dataThis is entirely the process of applying your data to your skeleton rig provided at the initial stages. There can be several problems at this stage depending on the formats and animation package chosen. For example there is an issue with UVs, materi als, scaling etc. It is suggested you follow each package pipeline to minimize these issues.APPLICATIONS OF MOTION CAPTUREThe process of recording movement and translating that movement onto a digital model is called as motion capture, motion tracking or mocap. Its applications are used in the military, entertainment, sports, medical applications and for validation of computer vision and robotics etc.GamesThe largest market for motion capture is game development. Games are drawing as much receipts as movies it is easy to see why game development often calls for enormous quantities of motion capture. There are basically two types of 3d character animation used in games real time playback vs. Cinmeatics. real-time allows the game player to choose from pre-created moves, by controlling the characters moves in real-time. Cinmeatics are the fully rendered movies used for the intros and cut-scenes. Often the last part of game production, or a process that is sub-contracted to a separate studio,cinematics are generally not essential to game-play, but do add a lot of appeal to the game, and encourage immensely with story development and mood generation.Video and TVPerformance animationIn live television broadcasts real-time motion is becoming popular. Using motion capture we can place a virtual character within a real scene, or to place live actors within a virtual scene with virtual actors, or virtual characters with a virtual scene.For real time broadcasting mocap requires mocap-up of any non-standard physiology to guard the performers motion from causing the characters limbs to interpenetrate its body. Joints limits on the shoulders and knees also help maintain believability of the character. A real-time adaptation feature such as motion builders real-time motion mapping is essential when the character body is very different from the actors body. While combining live segments with virtual elements the real and virtual cameras must share the same properties oth erwise the illusion looks strange.Daily featuresProducing daily 3d animated features becomes easy with use of the phasespace optical motion capture system combined with motionbuilder.,allowing TV stations to keep their content fresh and exiciting,and giving viewers yet another understanding not to touch that dial.Post-Production for ongoing seriesusing motion capture for ongoing series is gaining popularity. The result of creatinga weekly show without motion capture invariably causes shows to be late or production studios to go bankrupt. Having an efficient motion capture pipeline is essential to the success of an ongoing character animation based series.FilmThe use of motion capture in the films is increasing day by day. For creating character based animation motion capture is essential that move realistically, in situations that would be wild-eyed or too dangerous for real actors.eg. titanic were characters falling bulge off the ship. Motion capture was used extensively in Tita nic for filler characters. Many of these shots would have been difficult or impossible to do with real cameras and a real ship, or real models, so virtual models, actors, and cameras were used. Some film characters require the use of motion capture, otherwise their animation seems fake. More and more independent companies are starting to put together desktop studios-the idea of two or three people creating an entire movie are not far off, if motion capture is used correctly. Motion capture animation can be done very quickly and inexpensively, without scheduling expensive motion capture sessions in a studio.WebMotion capture is ideal for the web, whether used to create virtual hosts or greeting cards. Motion capture brings a human element to the web as the web becomes more sophisticated and bandwidth increases, in the form of characters that viewers can relate to interact with.Live eventsMotion capture generated performance animation can be thought of as improvisation meets Computer Graphics (CG). A good improviser acting through a CG character in real-time can create a very intriguing lass sting experience for the viewer at affair shows, meetings or press conferences. Integrating with live actors father helps create a fascinating experience.Scientific researchWhile doing perceptual research motion capture is useful. By presenting test subjects with abstract movements, distilled from motion capture data, quotable experiments can be developed that provide insights into human perception.Biomechanical analysisMotion capture is relied by biomechanical analysis for rehabilitation purposes. Motion capture can be used to measure the extent of a clients disability as well as a clients progress with rehabilitation. Motion capture can also help in effective design of prosthetic devices. engineerFor producing ergonomically practical product designs motion capture is essential, as well as designs for physical products that are comfortable and appealing. When it comes to working in an enclosed space, the capital of Italy has tremendous advantages over optical or magnetic systems, such as a car inter