The Global South Water Crisis Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay

water remains is familiar s virtually basic necessity. Ap professionalximately virtuoso in octette people be without entree to clean, safe imbibing piss ( JMP two hundred856 ) . The weewee crisis of the planetary South Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu in peculiar is a complex, locally defined and contentious issue debates about whether urine is a public human right or a in underground owned consumer trade safe are taking precedence in outgrowth discourse on the inter guinea pigist phase. Built-in to this issue is a historic power relationship between the air jacket Europe, Canada and the US and these aforesaid(prenominal) planetary South states in which the former has tended to profit at the last menti whizd s disbursal. Yet the inquiry of bureau still remains who has non besides the power, except the entrustingness to ordain alteration?Many Canadians be possessed of a minimal consciousness of the perpetuating water crisis, yet it is a common misconception t hat a effect guiles non in the custodies of single agents, but national leaders. Until late, I held similar beliefs. temporary hookup analyzing the quality of assorted piddle beginnings with a local concern, I realised that much of our society is to the full reliant on bottled H2O and that, more or less signifi force outtly, the sum of money spent on the added convenience could be employ to assist extenuate the annihilating effects of this H2O deficit. First, this paper examines the f belittled rate conditions of the crisis by spying Nigeria, India and China. To be clear, H2O crisis refers to a deficiency of accessibility, an shortsighted or non- lively public tot up weather vane, and taint, all kick ining to a deficit of safe imbibing H2O. Further more(prenominal), after analysing the ignored potency for Western transnational corporations ( TNCs ) to relieve the state of affairs in Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu, and so researching the utmost of H2O ingestion in t he West, it becomes apparent that on that point is an chance for Canadians to lend to a dissolver.Before foregrounding this single bureau, it is necessary to get buck by depicting some of the current conditions inherent to the H2O crisis. Although conditions sidetrack and each in placement in itself can non supply a entire representation, the illustration of Lagos, Nigeria demonstrates colonial and political hindrances Imphal, India reveals the troubles of supply and intervention and China provides sestetth sense into the effects of pollution.First, the metropolis of Lagos although the largest in sub-Saharan Africa is plagued by a low quality of life and an unequal supply of H2O services disrespect sparing growing ( Gandy 2006371-72 ) . Sections of the deteriorating innovation, such as the absence of a on the job(p) public sewage web, are chief subscribers to this issue of H2O handiness ( ibid372 ) . Although non the lone cause, it can be traced in portion to a coloni al history. As a prevailing trade Centre in West Africa, European presence left a permanent impress love seat a contrast in life criterions between colonial elites and the African bulk in Lagos who were non even considered portion of the canaille ( ibid375, 377 ) . British finish makers neglected the malignant urban conditions by concentrating on bettering affluent countries alternatively, proposing that these issues resulted from public upset instead than a deficiency of accountable policy enterprises ( ibid375-76 ) . much(prenominal) inequality was heightened in 1949 when colonial leaders responded to increased H2O deficits with limitations on the African population, forestalling them from rinsing and other both(prenominal)day activities ( ibid377 ) . Finally, but 10 per centum of homes were left with direct entree to the municipal H2O strategy ( ibid378 ) . approximately devastating of all were the power structures set in topographic station by colonial swayers, which over clip have come to land forth the bequest of a weak African province ( Gandy 2006372 ) . With a game degree of national debt, local capacity to change by r perpetuallysal the paralyzing effects of the H2O deficit are limited ( Biswas 2005234 ) . condescension organism the top industrial Centre of Nigeria after independency, the crisis was so distributive that it forced local industries to pass 20 per centum of their capital on get their ain H2O ( Gandy 2006381 ) . A current bastard and independent government activity unable to react to the demand for investing, coupled with disabling economic and cultural hindrances inherited from a dark colonial yesteryear, has been one of many subscribers preparation the evidences for the H2O crisis to go a powerful force. The fact that reconstituting this post-colonial system in locations like Lagos has non succeeded, unluckily, is partially due to an academic discourse which lacks critical brainstorm into the character of current co nditions in Africa and beyond ( ibid372 ) .Second, the state of affairs in Imphal, India provides an startle-class presentation of jobs associated with H2O supply and intervention. Although moderate-sized metropoliss like Imphal are often ignored in current literature on the crisis, the atrociousnesss are merely as important ( Anthony 2007224 ) . Harmonizing to the human race Bank, scarce supplies and unjust monetary determine have remained unchanged over the past threesome decennaries ( ibid ) . Of the legion substructure jobs confronting developing states, a deficiency of safe imbibing H2O is the hardest to answer ( ibid223 ) . In a study conducted in Imphal, 50 per centum of families spent more than a fifth of their income on H2O ( ibid229 ) . As supported by the aforesaid instance of Lagos, elites frequently have personal inducement in keep backing such a necessity ( ibid224 ) . To supply a little cross-section of the fortunes, the beginnings, quality and handiness of H2 O in Imphal allow be considered.Refering the assorted beginnings of H2O that locals rely on where the public web is deficient, those with nonpublic connections merely have entree for no more than three hours each twenty-four hours with unequal commissariats for storage, and those trusting on private or neighbourhood pools face dry seasons that greatly affect their supply ( Anthony 2007228 ) . Water intervention workss lack the equipment to efficaciously supervise the quality of H2O, and since storage equip combat vehicles are non protected, taint is a major reverse ( ibid234 ) . twain pool and piped H2O beginnings although piped H2O is treated ab initio normally have to be filtered by families to insure imbibing quality ( ibid230 ) . The handiness of H2O, in particular refering the piped H2O system, is dependent on the location and income of families, although merely half of those intentional to have entree do ( ibid ) .Third, to supply another illustration, China repres ents the dangers of pollution. seventy per centum of river H2O in China is undrinkable as a issue of taint from industrial waste, sewerage and agricultural chemicals ( Wu 200635 ) . The longest river in China, the Yangtze, is merely 28 per centum beverage, cutting through the most thickly colonised countries and transporting waste H2O along with it ( ibid ) . At the present rate, harmonizing to Robin Clarke of World Climate News, an tremendous impact will be felt in the contour of some(prenominal)(prenominal) nutrient deficits and a damaged universe environmental science ( Coles 200514 ) . With astonishing effects, there is no denying the fulfilment of the job nevertheless, the surviveent issue that needs to be addressed is the demand for a solution investing. today that some of the H2O crisis conditions have been identified, it is important to discourse the combative procedure of declaration. Although there are many prospective responses, including revamping dysfunctiona l political and economic seduceions, one of the most common is that of investing. To do sense of the means in which development organisations and Western histrions have participated, the influence of TNCs will be discussed, followed by specific surveies from Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu.First, one must understand the connexion between the discourse on H2O denationalization in the assert development universe and the function of TNCs. In 1992, the Dublin Conference on Water and Environment provoked a monumental alteration in the definition of H2O, labelling it foremost and foremost an economic good, while keeping that it was a human right ( Robbins 20031076-77 ) . With many developing provinces being unable to supply the substructure necessary for providing equal H2O and disregarding its economic value, the international development community deemed their actions both a failure and the cause of the crisis, political science that the World Bank, every bit good as other developmen t bureaus, would alternatively go prudent for get off offing H2O as a private trade good ( ibid1074, 1076 ) . Their primary agents, so, would be TNCs. Harmonizing to both the World Bank and former UN Commission on Trade and training ( UNCTAD ) Secretary General Kenneth Dadzie, H2O must be supplied by agencies of denationalization, non the populace celestial sphere ( ibid1077 ) .To keep an indifferent position, there are two sides to this bank line to see. Those recommending for the private direction of H2O resources adopt the neoclassical economic gust by reasoning that shooting foreign direct investing into these struggle economic systems will supply additions for both participants in their eyes, mobilising the private sector is the lone solution to guaranting that public demands are met ( Robbins 20031074-75 ) . In contrast, local communities rap TNCs for non merely being profit-seeking, implementing services to the disadvantage of the unfortunate, but besides for tyr annical denationalization as an oligopoly of a few corporations ( ibid1074, 1076 ) . The issue that H2O is a human right that should be without cost besides comes into inquiry ( Anthony 2007225 ) . Nevertheless, in utilizing Foucault s construct of power, it is incontestable that TNCs use their planetary prominence to allot the apparently opposing thoughts of development and sustainability as one and the same ( Robbins 20031076 ) .Now that the phase has been set in furnish the background for this denationalization discourse, detecting a few instance surveies will be helpful in measuring the effectivity and influence of TNCs in the procedure of deciding the H2O crisis. With a important diminution in foreign assistance since the 1980s, TNCs are now considered the armory of development agents, foreign domestic investing being the quintessential ingredient for economic stimulation ( Fisher and Urich 20017-8 ) . Harmonizing to Anthony ( 2007224 ) , the denationalization of H2O takes tw o different signifiers either a complete coup detat by private companies, or a private-public cooperation. The undermentioned instances will uncover both the pros and cons of these options.First, the illustration of Buenos Aires describes the work of Suez, a TNC among the first one 100 of the end Global 500 ( Robbins 20031075 ) . After doing a contract with local private H2O accompany Aguas Argentinas, Suez created a figure of policies refering the supply of H2O ( ibid1078 ) . Ignoring occupants busying unowned land, the company expanded H2O connexions by bear downing clients six hundred dollars and metering their use, coercing the hapless to pay more and doing connexions unaffordable ( ibid ) . Although Suez promoted their concern as pro hapless by widening entree to four destitute countries previously unconnected, bettering the life conditions, their successful mean 19 per centum rate of top during the first five old ages ended in 2002 with economic prostration ( ibid ) . disdain initial advancement being made, Suez counted the venture as a $ 200 million failure, finally showing their profit-oriented mentality ( ibid ) .Second, Suez s work can besides be traced to a contract made with the Jakarta H2O service in 1997 ( Robbins 20031079 ) . They established 31 per centum more H2O connexions than had existed antecedently in a metropolis with half of its population life in the slums, yet those who benefited the most from this enlargement were from really modest countries ( ibid ) . It is of import to point out that although some perceive policies that are advantageous to the wealthy as negative, one must follow a wide position by every bit sing how both the hapless and rich are affected. However, notwithstanding new connexions being established, it did non intend that more hapless dwellers received runnel H2O on the contrary, most of them still relied on street sellers, with 70 per centum still without entree ( ibid ) . Local reaction to the Su ez intercession came in the signifier of environmental and student protests, kicking about increased monetary determine and a 48 per centum H2O escape ( ibid ) . An applied scientist from the public system claimed that the company robbed everything they had, and critics of denationalization emphasized Suez s inefficiency every bit good as their deficiency of desire to convey betterment to the full system ( ibid ) .Third, in 1995 in Cebu, the bail another TNC proposed the Bohol-Cebu Water Supply puke aimed at both supplying H2O for under-supplied Cebu and well- essential gross for Bohol ( Fisher and Urich 20019-10 ) . Hazards were advanced of the major concerns were happening a significant H2O beginning to pull from, covering with deposit and human waste saturating the H2O tabular array, and sidesplitter within a seismically active zone ( ibid10 ) . Despite these factors, the Alliance promoted the great investing while disregarding intervention criterions and puting the authorities responsible for temblor hazards ( ibid ) . Sing themselves as experts in understanding the positive results, the company neglected the rights of stakeholders including involvement groups and the local populace to cognize how the undertaking would impact them, avoided their input and failed to utilize linguistic communication that would be understood by all, finally bring forthing a deep mis heavy(p) ( ibid11-12 ) . As a consequence, analysts declared that although TNCs have a immense function to play, economic involvements will ever endanger to acquire in the manner of environmental and societal demands ( ibid17 ) .Whether one considers accomplishments or focuses on local resistance to denationalization, it has by and large resulted in more failures than success ( Anthony 2007226 ) . The extent of the job was summarized in 2003 when Suez announced that they were retreating investing from poorer states and discontinuing to supply it in the hereafter due to high ins tability and a deficiency of short term returns ( Robbins 20031080 ) . Planing to recover the losingss store as a consequence of these Third World failures, they declared a displacement in investing towards the soundest markets of the West including Europe and spousal relationship the States unless the IMF and World Bank could minimise hazards ( ibid ) . But it was non Suez entirely that adopted this stance most H2O companies held similar concerns about low rates of return in states of the Third World, being unable to trust on the hapless to supply gross ( ibid1080-81 ) . Although this is debatable for establishments like the World Bank who guarantee that the denationalization of H2O is the lone solution, TNCs are expressed about where their motivations lie no net income means no investing ( ibid1081 ) .European and North American TNCs have helped determine this procedure of relief, yet after neglecting to rip to doing a permanent impact, the inquiry of where this invest ing will come from becomes pertinent. Although there are ever other options to see, one such solution Centres on the single bureau of Canadians. To analyse this, it is of import to first observe the extent of H2O ingestion in Canada and the West, followed by how persons can proactively react to the H2O crisis.With UN Millennium Development Goals taking to cut the unavailability of H2O by 50 per centum by 2015, any benefits from TNC denationalization to whatever extent they provide them are non plenty to replace the demand for assistance ( Cain and Gleick 200579 calamus and Urich 200117 ) . For those keeping authoritiess responsible, states have contributed a meagre 0.4 per centum of their gross national income to development aid on norm ( Cain and Gleick 200580 ) . Harmonizing to Cain and Gleick ( ibid81 ) , consumers knock off about $ 100 billion each twelvemonth on bottled H2O for gustatory sensation and convenience probably less than the cost needed to supply H2O services when tap H2O is 100s of times cheaper every bit good as normally safe for imbibing.Bringing these facts together, Canadian persons have the possible to take portion in planetary development, giving the convenience of the bottled trade good and bestow the ensuing nest egg to assist relieve the H2O crisis by run intoing the demand for assistance. around undertakings such as LifeStraw fund the usage of instant microbiological purifiers to supply competent H2O intervention for contaminated beginnings ( Vestergaard Frandsen 2011 ) . Others, The Water Project in peculiar, construct Wellss that supply safe imbibing H2O ten dollars gives H2O to one individual for 10 old ages ( The Water Project 2010 ) . Either manner, chances exist to change over Western ingestion into significant solutions.The H2O crisis is understandably non simplistic, easy to understand, or discernible on a individual degree, but instead, it plays out in many ways, with conditions changing depending on states po litical, cultural and economic characteristics. What can be analyzed is the extent to which Western TNCs have move to relieve these atrociousnesss by concentrating on investing through H2O denationalization unluckily, although non universally, most have chosen economic net incomes in leu of supplying basic human demands. There is a hope, so, that Canadian persons can engross themselves as agents of alteration, giving some of their ain stuff amenitiess. By lending these nest eggs as a signifier of assistance, Canadians can think the manner they take for granted the luxuries of running H2O. As in most instances in development surveies, the first measure is to understand the many-sided nature of a argument. One can recognize that there will ever be differing positions based on the facts, with no right reply or perfect solution. Of greater importance, nevertheless, is that when persons learn to follow this critical oculus, they can no longer claim that Western expertness and metho dological analysis is superior. Furthermore, disclosure demands application conveying consciousness to non merely a freshly ascertained indebtedness as agents to run into these cosmopolitan demands, but a duty as members of a planetary community.

I Am a Small Girl in a Big World Looking for Recognition

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REPORT Working in the character environment for three years, I had been experiencing the serious effect of Occupational overuse Syndrome (OOS), as is exampled by a study in the UK which found that 75% of laptop users who used a laptop for four hours or to a greater extent a day reported back pain. With the desire to have a thorough understanding, I have been motivated to have a question on this matter. OOS (also known as Repetitive Strain Injury) is simply a term used for a range of condition characterized by soreness of pain in the muscles, tendons or other soft tissues (Harvey, S. 2002) p. 29). Symptoms of OOS could vary depending on the person, the site and severity of injury and the nature of the tasks undertaken. However, you should pay more heed to if you have several warning signs like pain, muscle weakness, swelling, numbness, restricted mobility of the correlative or loss of function as you are likely in the early stage of OSS. Changes to w orkplace design and practices can alleviate or prevent the condition. In workplace, OOS covers numerous tasks that involve repetitive or emphasized movement and/ or maintenance of constrained or awkward postures.OHS hazards could be recognized as poor work organization and workstation layout, badly intentional computer hardware/ software and badly designed mightiness furniture. Identifying the hazards, the scoop out way to control the risks is to follow the safety procedures which might be to besmirch repetitive tasks, take regular rest and stretch breaks or to uphold correct postures and vary them often and so on. Depending on your specific romp nature, you could take different actions to better manage the symptoms. (Source http//www. mydr. com. au/pain/office-ergonomics-workstation- foster-and-safety)For the office workers, few people know that their job is ranked as the risky job. An Australian study conducted by Comcare, for example, surveyed 2,000 ACT government worker s with alarming results. Of the 1,000 who participated, 8 out of 10 respondents who had not claimed workers compensation had OOS symptoms and two out of 10 had severe symptoms, meaning, in other words, that they were in constant pain. For my specific case, relations much with the paper work required me to spend lots of quantify keying in data, having the fixed posture and focusing my eyes at the corresponding distance point for extended period of time.At the early time, I had no idea about the possible hazards and felt so comfortable with my work. However, my colleagues who had see the serious effects warned me about the injuries which result from inappropriate computer use. They could be posture-related injuries, overuse injuries of the upper limbs or eyestrain. As the result, several ways were suggested for the workstation comfort and safety. I found that the most efficient tips for the matter is that you should have a good posture (as illustrated in the below picture), your furniture should be adjustable and strict time limits break should be applied.To sum up, OOS could happen in all workplace, for all kind of occupations. Therefore, the safety procedures should always be followed and all the risks that can arise should be considered as the safer the workplace is, the more originative the work is. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Occupational Overuse Syndrome, viewed 23 May 2012, 2. Ergonomics Australia, The keep problem of OOS in the office, viewed 23 May 2012, 3. Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS), viewed 29 May 2012, 4. Office ergonomics workstation comfort and safety, viewed 30 May 2012, 5. employment safety overuse injuries, viewed 29 May 2012, 6. Dan Kaufman, The Hidden Plague,

Divorce and Its Effect on Children

Divorce and its Effect on Children Sociology 120 Wednesday December 7, 2011 My research paper is focusing on how break up p atomic number 18nts sham infantren. I am focusing closely on how the fry is affected behavior exclusivelyy, emotionally, and academically. I chose this topic not because my p arnts argon dissociate, but because I forget be getting married at the end of this month and I thought this would be interesting. I believe that in galore(postnominal) cases, carve up is not needed and that the p bents should hammer a slender harder and ritual killing to have fail relationships with each other and their minorren.The question I compliments to answer is if children atomic number 18 affected by the divide of their p arnts, and if so, how much. My hypothesis is that children of disassociate parents are negatively affected behaviorally, emotionally, and academically. I felt like it was break out to focus specifically on these trey areas so I could better mea current what it is to be negatively affected by decouple. After I first chose this topic to research and use for my paper, I started off with the everyday question in mind of does separate affect children. I use the LCC library resources online to start gathering information.It was after I spent a opus gathering information that I discovered that my topic was alike broad and that to to a greater extent than effectively answer the question I was seeking, I needed to narrow down my topic. I looked at the research I had collected from online, newspaper phrases, and academic journals, and found a few reoccurring themes. These themes of children of disjointd parents being affected emotionally, behaviorally, and academically are the ones I would like to overcompensate in my paper. Divorce has pass a very common instalment in todays society.When to a greater extent than than half of all divorcements command children under the age of 18, divorce does not only(prenominal) af fect the married man and wife, but now more than ever their children get mixed up in the fewtimes ugly process of divorce. constantlyy year more than one million children experience the divorce of their parents, and overall close to 40% of all children volition experience parental divorce before they acetify 18(Amato). Emotional damage is most potential the hardest effect to identify and stopvas with children of divorced parents because it can be hard to measure and is not something that can easily be see.An article in American Journal of Family integrity entitled The Psychological Impact of Divorce on Children What is a Family lawyer to do? discusses a submit that surveyed 1,000 teenagers between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. The study preserve their opinions on divorce and measured thoughts, feelings, and attitudes on the subject. Dr. Robert Gordon conducted the poll and named it the GordonPoll Youth Survey. The teenagers were asked rough their parents arguing and 50% of the teens said it is terrible. When asked what the arguing consisted of, 26% said that their parents arguments include criticizing the other parent. Another 35% said that their parents arguing included screaming, hitting, and throwing squash (Jolivet). Dr. Robert Gordon stated after the results of the poll were collected and analyzed that, Clearly, children are more deeply bothered by parent conflict than most adults mobilise. objet dart very few adults would scream, hit or throw things at their spouses, most married couples would admit that they at least occasionally disagree and pick apart each other in frontoftheir children.Id like to think that these survey results would make them think twice approximately that (Jolivet). Whether the parents are still together and fighting, or divorced and fighting, it is neat that the children who are caught in the middle of the parents feud are the ones who suffer the most. This same article discuses a list of particularors that researchers have compiled together to help identify a high-conflict divorce that could have a more significant impact on a child.The factors that have been identified include criminal convictions, involvementof child welfare agencies in the dispute, several or ghost changes in lawyers, frequent court hearings, the overall lengthoftime it takes for the case to settle, and a invoiceofcontact or timesharing denial (Jolivet). The effects on children emotionally and behaviorally are roughly doubled when they are a part of a high-conflict divorce. These high-conflict situations should be avoided at all costs to ensure the emotional impact on the child is minimal.Studies have shown that children who are a part of these high-conflict divorces experience correctly negative emotions including, chronic mental strain, insecurity, and agitation shame, self-blame, and guilt a chronic geniusofhelplessness fears for their own physical safety a senseofrejection, neglect, unresponsiveness, and missofinterest in the well being (Jolivet). Luckily, most divorces would not be classified as a high conflict, but that does not miserly the emotional impact on children of divorce is nonexistent. At the very least, straining is a major problem that divorce has on a child.Robert Emery, Ph. D. is a Professor of Psychology and Director of the Center for Children, Families, and the Law at the University of Virginia. Emery has create verbally numerous books on the subject of divorce and family relationships. An article he has create verbally displays the results of a study he did on college students and the lasting impact divorce has had in their lives. Of the 99 students polled in this study, 73% admit that they would be a different person today if their parents had not divorced. Close to half overly say that their parents divorce still causes struggles in their lives (Emery).Emery to a fault says that besides stress being a major impact on children of divorce, the risk that the y will have other affects is substantial. He says, Divorce clearly increases theriskthat children will suffer from psychological and behavioral problems. Troubled children are particularly likely to develop problems with anger, disobedience, and rule violations. School achievement also can suffer. opposite children become sad for prolonged periods of time. They may become depressed, anxious, or become perhaps overly responsible kids who end up sympathize with for their parents rather of getting cared for by them (Emery).The article The Psychological Impact of Divorce on Children What is a Family Lawyer to do? states a number of behavioral problems that are brought out in children who experience a high-conflict divorce. Some of the behavioral problems are defined as, a groupofbehaviors which can be described as lower commitment to coupling, infidelity, problems with anger management, feelingsofinsecurity, neediness, demandingness, denial and blame, contempt, and poor conflict h eroism skills, higher(prenominal) levelsofdepression, and more problems with peers (Jolivet). In comparison, Dr. capital of Minnesota R.Amato of Pennsylvania State University compared the results of these studies to like ones of children who have grown up in stable, two-parent families. The children of the stable families have a higher standard of living, receive more effective parenting, experience more cooperative co-parenting, are emotionally closer to both parents, and are subjected to few stressful events and circumstances (Jolivet). Another study performed by Dr. Amato and Dr. Danelle D. DeBoer has shown that adults who have see the divorce of their own parents as children prove to have higher range of divorce themselves. During the 17 ear study, 2,000 married individuals and 335 of their children who also got married were observed. The study revealed that divorces were seen more often among the adults that had parents of their own who had divorced. Dr. Amato commented on his studies with the theory that parents who had seen their own parents divorce saw divorce as a reasonable solution to an upset marriage. Dr. Amato does add that adults with divorced parents are not necessarily going to be doomed to divorce themselves, but that they may need to work a little harder to keep their own marriages from following the same path to divorce (Jolivet).Psychologist Judith Wallerstein, founder of the Judith Wallerstein Center for the Family in Transition, has conducted numerous interviews with children of divorce and to this day is sacred to her qualitative method stating it is more personal and intimate. Wallerstein began her interviews back in 1971, straight after the no-fault divorce was passed in California. Divorce rates began rising as parents took advantage of this new law not taking into account the affect it would have. Wallerstein decided to start talking to the children about how the divorce affected them.Of the sea captain 131 children she had when she started her project, she has continued contact with 93 of them. The children are now adults themselves and through her interviews she has set(p) that, the major impact of divorce does not occur during childhood or adolescence, rather, it rises in adulthood as serious romantic relationships movement focalize stage. When it comes time to choose a life mate . . . the effects of divorce crescendo (Peterson). Wallerstein found that of the 93 adult children of divorce she has interviewed, only 40% have married.She says that the adult children of divorce expect to fail at marriage and that they fear loss, conflict, betrayal and loneliness. She also states, That she is amazed that the children of divorce tell her divorce is with them every day of their lives and how much their parents divorce shaped their adult years. (Peterson). Its plain to see that based on the results of these numerous studies, that divorce sure does play an important role in the lives of children of divo rce both while they are still young and as they grow into adulthood.It not only affects their life as a child, but also their future. An article in the The Miami Times entitled How divorce affects a childs education, Fran Newman, author of Children in Crisis explains some of the shipway a childs education is affected by divorce. She states that it can be very difficult to detect the way divorce affects a child, but one of the more noticeable changes is in a childs education. Whether the child begins acting out in class, or their grades drop, it is something that needs to be addressed. Newman encourages strong communication between home and naturalise.She also adds that, in recognizing that theres something wrong at home, teachers look for two things. One is a child who is normally energetic and outgoing withdraws. The other is the stable child who all of a sudden begins to act up and get into all sorts of problems (Education). Are the differences in school because of the arguing t hat occurs at home, or the fact that the parents devote most of their time to the divorce, new spouse, or themselves instead of their children? Sara McLanahan, a sociologist at Princeton University, has done several studies measuring the academic effect divorce has on children.In one such study, McLanahan discovered that children of divorce are more likely to drop out of high school compared to children whose parents stay together. In her studies, she found that the middle-class is affected the most and that, They are roughly three times as likely to drop out of high school if their parents split up. She also found some interesting results that show how the children are affected as they grow into adulthood. In girls, she discovered that they are more likely to have a premarital birth, and boys have a higher chance of being unemployed (Divorce).Kathleen Kiernan of the Family Policy Studies Centre and Martin Richards of Cambridge University have also done research of the lasting impa ct divorce has on children as they grow older. Their research however was focused on families in heavy(p) Britain where there are more records, some dating back to the 1950s, of how divorce impacts children as they grow into their 20s. These records confirm much of what McLanahan has shown in her studies of children as they move out of their teens. The studies done by Kiernan and Richards have confirmed that children of divorce are more likely to drop out of school and even leave their homes early.This leads to higher rates of early cohabitation and premarital birth. Kiernans and Richards work also suggests that children of divorced parents are less likely to attend a university (Divorce). Writer Diana Mahoney best described divorce when she said, Nodivorceis a gooddivorce, but when it comes to the kids, somedivorcesare clearly better than others (Jolivet). It is clear that not all children of divorce are impacted the same ways as others, or as profoundly. Parents have the huge res ponsibility of caring for their children and many parents take this matter too lightly.Many steps should be interpreted before divorce is even an option, and too many parents see divorce as the only step when a relationship becomes a little shaky. If a divorce is absolutely necessary, it is the parents great responsibility to make sure the child always comes first no matter what. Works Cited Amato, Paul R. The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children. Journal of Marriage and Family62. 4 (2000) 1269-87. ProQuest Central. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. Divorce and Children They spoil You Up. The EconomistMar 20 1993 33-. ProQuest Central. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. Emery, Robert E. How Divorce Affects Children. The Truth about Children and Divorce. 2011. 05 Dec. 2011 http//www. emeryondivorce. com/ how_divorce_affects_children. php. How Divorce Affects a Childs Education. Miami Times 15B. Ethnic NewsWatch. 2011. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. Jolivet, Kendra Randall. The Psychological Impact of Divorce on Chil dren What is a Family Lawyer to do? American Journal of Family Law25. 4 (2012) 175-83. ProQuest Central. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. Peterson, Karen S. Unhappily Ever After Children of Divorce Grow into Bleak Legacy. USA TODAY 01. D. ProQuest Central. kinfolk 05 2000. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.

Upstream Teacher’s Book

, . l, I r. trrtr. r, tli i l 1 , l t .1, i rl i l r i i l i l l i r i l . I -,) i i i, i r i l i l. -LVEil-iili-llUp,ciireatrn Bl1+ri Frnlotllii,sliar-. elolrdernl-ie-rlell t-tl,vel ectrlse1iolletalrnerr o,,i iiiileLEil(. ltir-sh l-. rllt,uu,U,r Bilieveriuhe aiieiil seiile-s,cpnnhnne. isErrtjE,slr aciirriearllrilrlg iavarittli of lffivef5l vyiiih p,i rented linernilced uo6r,. ies lLnr unlits, ir+vjealiuiler n o o o o . , . rrarety aultllerriiic li. hemc-lcels*el fl*rrt a qrlde ullics, crl in lve sol-,rces, m*nluie ,lrpies fi r,rariei rr*ss.Anyway, we still had a great eveningand came onward with the best impression. If you everget the chance to seeAlsou in concert, you should definitely go. Have you heard her wise album? Wite soon and tell me what you think of it. Love, Alex (Para 3) what you the ilkd and why tl l Introduction (Para 1) ireetings. t easons. fbr wuiliwg (Pan 2) singer/ heap you went to see (Pan 4) what you didnt like and why (Para 5) Conclusion recommendatio n b. point letteragain. the WhatdidAlexlike/dislike close tothe concert? Whatreasons/examples begiven to stick out each viewpoint? (See Suggested Answers Section) 50 Replace emphasised the adjectives adverbs the letterwith the following. and in oentertainingfabulous modern . . . wildly . complex heavenly upset. latest . . (See Suggested Answers Section) (1-4) Read extracts the belowthat review various events. in the missing Fill topic (A-D), sentences thensuggest othersuitable anes yourown. of (See Suggested Answers Section) -re opening nightof the Moscow State funfair in 3lasgow a huge was success. -he FarnboroughShow a bighitagain Air this was r-cdf. 5 at that placevieWpremiere that it was one of said the bestproductions the year. f 6 lt was sucha predictable/emailprotected that shewasgivena standing ovation 7 TomHanks received oraise his grapheme/actor for in Forrest Gump. 8 The routinesand the positioning the of dancers stage are the responsibility a on of pher conductor /choreoq ra wassoimpressed the performance with I wentto cn Friday. have never to anything boring allmylife in been so 6 mark items(1-5)to the zero(prenominal)ns(a-e). famous frlm/television / live/studio/solo big/ sharp/silver childrens/fantasy / best-selling a b c d screen performance novel film ,it roreographedIn my opinion, is definitely horror dull feature / / . lEId-l . ,,,t ut there was nevera dull moment. The ogramme was well-arranged and well_ i ro m ffi m . i e actor l I + 4 -he sunrise(prenominal) exhibition had nothingto capturemy nagination. I stronglydisagree with the critic highly ,vho wrote, I originaland entertaining . nink complete the opposition true is lmuaffi rw$eMf$ -iie ringmaster an splendiferous had of sense gratify rd the crowd enjoyedthe spectacular show. In ry opinion, the highlight the whole evening of ,,,as when the monkeys flee the crowd into n Backg round information 1989 Theexhibition/theatre openedin Thedance company/band formedin 2001 . ea rand takes The Air Show runse reallysecond p l a c en . . i Descriptions Thesoundsystem was excellent. Thevenue hadgreatfacilities. The quarrels were greaVpredictable. Thelighting wassuperb/dreadful. Thecastwassuperb/amazing/very talented. General comments/opinion Dontmiss itl Itswell worth perceive/going to. You really mustsee/go/listen it. to D r , W e . * e r , r i $ Underline even the word. 1 Shakespearesometimes used plots/ programmes ancient plays from Greek Even though I dont usuallygo to see blockbusters/multiplex, I reallylovedMission lmpossible. Tolright, ballerinaSylvie Guillem will be appearing/peform y the role of Clara in The Nutcracker. The success a play get insdown to a commodity of script/lyric and a good director. Yourturn 7 gn Using language the above, writea letterto a you friendreviewing something attend (e. 9. recently art exhibition/the opening a of (100-120 tonicvenue a concert) or words). Use the ideas belowaswellasyourown. (See Suggested Answer s Section) . name/time/olace of evento cost o whatyouliked it about . whatyoudidnt about like it . final thouohts recommendation and 51 All in a days carry Vocabulary Practice Jobs lot for a living? Whatdo these do Lookat pictures underline correct the and the worc. dentify vocations from the descriptions what the of the peopledo. ptlar 1 Thisperson flies aerop,anes. yourcarto thisperson be repaired 2 Youtake to mechanic 3 This person takes care of sick animals veterinarian Thisperson taps in an officetyping letters answering phone the andarranging visualizeings secretary This personwill help you investmoney i companies. stockbroker Thisperson controls movements aircraft the of airtrafficcontroller This persondesigns pagesfor the Internet. web-designer 8 Youpaymoney thisperson a shopor bank to in teller 9 Thispersonhelpschildren and families whc haveproblems. ocial worker 10 Thisperson giveyou the keyto your hote will room. deskclerk/receptionist Complete the ex miscellanys w ith verbsfrom the list. o win . apply o squeeze out retire . resign o 1 A So,areyou goingto apply the clientele? for B No. I dontthinklm suitably qualified it. for 1 doc/ scientist 3 librarian instructor / 4 carpenterplumber / 2 A lan is goingto resign. B really? wherefore? ancestry. A Hes lay downa better- pay 3 A lf this projectis prosperous, manager my will promote me. B G o o dl u c k 4 A lve stillgot sixyears aheadof me forwardI retrre. B H a n g nt h e r e l i 5 A Ive heardthat the company will dismiss peoplenext month. everal B Oh, no. Any ideawho? 4 Fill thecorrect in response thelist. from o . o . Somehodv thesack. nnt Lets it a day. call going, The wayshes Shes workinq been or so clock. the 1 A I thunder mugtworkanymoretonight very Im tired. B Soam l. Lets it a day. call 2 A ltsmidnight and Ritaisstillat the office. rired. nals . TATq 7 peril oddoneout asin the example. the 1 2 3 4 5 6 salary, wages,kWpay gain, earn, win,ftd traffic *Frrc, job, public life, under-paid, poorly +-Fd-d, paid, overuyorked boring, repetitive Eeatr4uninteresting, billet, uDise*qf , industry, companyB Whats going on? Shesbeen working around clock. the 3 A Didyou hear what happened morning? this B Letme guess. got Somebody the sack. 4 A Didyou seewhat Katedid thismorning? B Yes,I did. Theway she is goingshellget fired. Ings. )y In raft. rnet. )ank. who lotel 5 Complete text with phrases the fromthe list. Youmayhave change formof the verbs. to the . workovertime beherownboss workfor . . . a successful . career workfromhome . beemployed setup . self-employed . Phrasalverbs 8 Fillin go, corry, put,fall,look. 1 A Can you please put me throughto Mrs Lucas? please.B Justa minute, 2 A I baset remember what time my meetingis IOmOrrow. B wherefore dontyou lookthrough yournotes? 3 A Mike,if you hunt down this project throughtll promote you to headof the department. B lll do my best, sir. 4 A Why are you so upset? Thingscant be that bad at work. B You say that becaus eyou dont know what I haveto go throughevery day. 5 A Hesafraidthat his olansto erupt his own business fallthrough. will B ltsnatural himto feelthiswav. for he n ) rr it. Sheila has 1)a successful career with a large ocsmetics company where she 2) has been miinloyedas a senior marketingmanagerfor the threeyears. es,t Although she is quitesatisfied with iltner she sometimes feels that her work is not 1ob, mtroreciated, especiallywhen she has to 3) work ur*srtirne. is now thinkingof 4) setting up her She mmnr business that she can 5) be her own boss. so Slreilila thinksthat she would be happier6) working vtrirhome,even though she accepts that people ltldr-rto 7) self-employed are less secure than are tltqrse who 8) work for a largecompany. 6 Choose bestwordto complete job the the adverts. il havea 1) vacancv/space a young, for dynamic lager nnd hard-working studenVgraduate lead our 2) to pawing sales forcein the London you area. eader As ,ffi,ril creditworthy 3) team/group he for dev elopment and 4,educationtraining and you will 5) reply/repo ffrrectly thecompany to gross revenue Director. Do youwilling work6) changes/shifts? youenjoy to lFe 7) happiness/satisfaction challenging of solving problems/questions Sl without9)control/Supervi5ion are you 10) oractical/ dexterous? you have a Do yes 11) licence? youcananswer to lf deanltiOy drivers questions, we would to hear fromyou. trese like then Nord Formation 9 Complete sentences thecorrect the with word derived thewords bold. from in 1 Thepolitician gavea verydistorted version of even$.DISTORT 2 He admittedthat the government had made someveryregrettable mistakes. trouble 3 The prime minister promisedto be more to responsive complaints the future. in RESPOND She thanked her husbandfor his caring supportat a verydifficult time. CARE The ministerresignedbecausehis position was no longitudinal defendable DEFEND rtt,ttfh 300storesnotionwideBookWorldis now over fnrnly estoblished the No,l bookshop the UK, os in lf i dou ore 12)sfimuloled/molivoled, commified, trS) ombitious/rulhless enjoysucceeding on ond in exciting fost-poced work 14)locotion/environmenl, we wont youl No foregoing15) dexterity/expeliengE rcquired,WE WANT YOU 53 Grammar Use in Conditionals Replace with r,vhen if where possible. 1 .. . lf thisdoesnt work. hellbe in trouble. 2 when lf he is in a bad mood. it is betterto stayaway 3 .. . .. lf you dont havetime today, you can finishthe reporttomorrow. 4 when lf lm tired. I cantconcentrate all. at 5 when lf Jason for asks a raise, hellget it for sure A Whatswrong? B lm tallylate. lf I dont get (noVget) thereon time, the meetingwill start (start) withoutme. A Why aretheseflowers Janes on desk? B lts her birthday. (remember), A Oh no. lf I remembered (buy) her a present, I would havebought too.A Thisis a beautiful neighbourhood. (find)a flat for rent here, B I agree. I find lf I will move(move)in right away. A Why is Peterso emphasise out? B He has a meeting with the marketing ma nager. Wheneverthey meet (meet), theyend (end)up having argument. an 7 A Unless Liamshows(show)up in the next fiveminutes, Johnson firing(fire)him. Mr is B Oh, no. ls he lateagain? 8 A Youhavent saida word all morning. B lm verybusywith this report. You know,I would finish(finish)it fasterif you hel (help)me. A No oroblem. 2 Match the phrases to phrases to make 1-8 a-h full sentences. m m m m m H Etr lf Johnhadgot up ten minuteslater, asses French Unless Yvonne her exams, job, lf capital of Minnesota found a better-paid lf Mr Black calls, Unless Katefinishes letters 5 pm, the by lf you seeFrank, lf Bobhadntbeenso nervous, lf Janes colleagues were morefriendly, Etr a shellhaveto do someovertime b he would havedonebetterat the interview. c hans out tosether outside the -r,O d he would resign the spot. on e he would havemissed bus. the f askhim aboutanyvacancies the company. in I shewont get into university. h tell him Im out for lunch. Wishes 4 Read what the mansays make and sentenc es asin the example. 1 dont havetime to meetJacktoday.I propensity wellllfonlyI had timeta meet JGCktad6y. 2 canttake anydaysoff work thisweek. I deficiency/lfonly I could take some days off thisweek. 3 lostmy passport. I gaze/lf onlyI hadntlostmy passport. I didnt followyouradvice. I wish/lf onlv I had followed your advice. lm very stressed out. I dont know how to relax I wish/lfonly I k impudently how to relax. am so stressed I out. I didnt know Marywasin town. I wish/lfonlyI had knownthat Marywas in town. 3 Puttheverbs brackets the correct in into tense to complete exchanges. the 1 A Do youthinkI should apply thisjob? for (be) you, I would apply (apply) B lf I were right away. A Congratulations your promotion. on you lf I get (get) the job, I wont B Thank (leave) company. leave the 54 7 dont haveanyfriends. I wish/lfonly I hadsomefriends 8 ate too much. I feelsick. I wish/lf onlyI hadnteatentoo much. 4 She is going to write a coverletter. Shecan sendit with her CV. (to) She is going to write a coverletter to send with her CV. job. Shewants Shewantsto find a morning to. have moretimeto spend with herchildren. (in indian lodge to) job in orderto Shewantsto find a morning spend moretime with herchildren. Shehasboughta brisk suit. Shewantsto make a good impression interviews. s to) (so at Sheboughta new suitso as to makea good impression interviews. at Readthe letter and completethe exchanges using verbs their the in correct tense. N, I )ed )eor Steve, im sorrgobouttheotherdag. I wishl 1) hadbeen fre) here seegou. f ontggou2) totd(telDme to tot UouwerecomLng earlier, 3) woutdhave langed (change) schedutel mg Thereason whg I wasnthereis becouse decided I i go to a conJerence. lt washeldin the just about nozingplocelI wishyou4 hadseen (see)it iont meon thot it wasexcetlent because inJoctit was oppositel the Nothing seemed workproperLg to nd thespeokers wereterribLe. ishI 5) never I teord (heor)oJthe event. lt wosa comptete wasteof rnteondmoneg. Angwag,6) witttelt(tetD gouotl sboutit the nexttlmeI7) see(see) gou. Which reminds when gouthinkgouwittbe me, do L,n town agoLn? l 8) were(be) you,l 9) wouldwrlte IJ (write)a daten gourdiary now. If gou10) sent kend) methe inJormotion email. , I promise bg then I (bd here, not running to sittg 1l) woutdbe ond olf conJerences Atthe best, -nrls Sentence transformations 7 Complete second the sentence that it so core same the first. Useno morethan the as threewords. Celiais upsetbecause didnt get the job she at the advertising agency.Celia wishesshe had got the job at the advertising agency. She is savingmoney because she wants to attenda seminar. Sheissaving moneyso asto attenda seminar. lf she doesnt attendthis seminatshewont be considered the job. for She wont be considered the job if she for doesnot attendthis seminar. Shecant moveout because cant hand she to payrent. lf she could afford to pay rent, she would moveout. She didnt take her brothersadviceso she didntfinda job in Lo ndon. lf she had taken her brothersadvice,she would have found a iob in London. Clauses purpose of 5Join pairs sentences thewords the of using in brackets, in theexample. as 1 Faye wantsto find anotherjob. Shewantsto (in havea bigsalary. order to) Fayewantsra find anather in arderta hsvea jab bigger sulary. Shearranged seeher manager. wanted to She to askfor a pay increase. (with a view to) Shearranged seeher manager to with a view to asking a payincrease. for Sheis updating CV. Shecan useit to apply her for a new job. (so that) Sheis updating CV so that shecan useit her to applyfor a new job discipline (1-4) all feel at newjobs. Read a. Thepeople are for theirdescriptions underline keywords. nd the Michael has had severalwell paid jobs. Now, he wouldliketo use his psychology degreein a job that he peoples can improve lives. Geoff has always liked making things to entertainhis children. Sincelosinghis job as a. teacher he has been lookingfor a way to turn his hobbyinto a career. Susan first noticedher hotshot for writingwhen she won a creative writing competition at school. However, career a poetis not her as going verywellandshe must a find newjobto paythe bills. Brookeis currently workingin an publishing office for a company, but she dreamsof a lessordinary life.She wants to seek new places and help protect the environment. (A-F) b. Read job advertisements anddecide the whichjob wouldbe the mostsuitable each person. for There two you dontneed. are - rTour Guide look forAlaskaLtd A lifeof adventure you awaits inAlaska. Explore Alaska is Ltd looking guides leadsmallgroups tourists for to of through the Alaskan wilderness to oromote and conservation the in area. No previous experience requiredas on-the-job is training be provided. will Applyin writing William to Seward, Explore AlaskaLtd, 3 Primrose Ketchikan, St, Alaska, AK 99950-3365.CardsWriter funny CardsLtd Can you say it with style? Comic Cards Ltd wants writers with wild and witty imaginatio ns. Salaries are good for those who can come up with catchy lines and lots of laughs. Email John Keats at www. comiccards. co. uk. j GCu. egiver Spring Lake Retreat Do you have the qualitiesto help people with mental illness lead rich and rewarding lives? Spring Lake Retreathas an excellent success rate in dealingwith mental illnessand we are lookingfor caregivers who can approachthose in need with respect. For further information Florence 01484627 895. call on ookingfor a trainedanimalpsychologist work with our to collectionof wild and exotic animals. ldeal aspects should have a degree in ex-serviceman medicine and a backgroundin psychology. Applicationforms are available from HumanResources Dept,Dunstable Zoo, Bedfordshire, Toy Designer- Lullaby Toys Plc word picture Extra Talent Inc Wantto be in the movies? TalentInc is lookingfor peopleto takepafi in a Hollywood that is beingshot herein London. film The work requiresa great deal of waiting around. Although therecan be no gu arantee you will appearin the finalfilm, that you may see yourself ne)d to a major(ip) star.For more information, callSandy on01292364 807. Want to bring a littlemagic into young lives? Lullaby Toys Plc is lookingfor an imaginative designer toy to expand our range of educationaltoys for children under7 yearsof age. The idealcandidateshouldhave experience toy designand a passion education. in for Tel. Jov Fischer 02646738 991. on (See Suggested Answers Section) l 4l E th to )y to )n /e n. Writing (a letter of appliration) Getting started 1 Read rubric underline key the and the words. Then,answerthe questions that follow. You have come acrossthe following job ad g in the localnewspaper and you want to rpply for the job.Write your letter of ff industriousness. *- - iil . b candrivea car takena coursein picture taking ,,. ,s1, good organiser e speak English German and f workedasa lensman for the school newspaper workedasa shopassistant *r,illZi2i and energetic sociable Lets look appressed 2 Read application letters & B andwritethe A dissever number nextto the headings the in listbelow. . . . o . opentng remarks/reason(s)for 41 writing closing remarks 45 age/qualifications/experienceA2 otherinformation A4 personal qualities ffi B1 85 82 84 83 fi il I Do you wantto get out and seethe world? ou argon interested photography? in lf yes,thenyou couldworkon a cruise ship Weare looking a lensman for whosalways around to takememorable photos ourpassengers wellas of as developand sell the pictures. equipmentis All provided thecruise by line. lf interested, contact Elliot 089g-7g6756 via Mr on or , email at _. andwe willarrange a job interview. Portfolio necessary. DearManager, E What kind of letter do you haveto write? a letterof application 2 Who is goingto readyour letter? Mr Elliot 3 Should stylebe formalor informal? the formal 4 Tick( /) in the list of pointsbelowwhat yor. shouldinclude your letter in . . . . . . yourfavourite subjects school at yourqualificat ions anyprevious experience a description yourappearance of your personal qualities yourplans the summer for What do you think the successful candidate should like? be a artistic friendly c canng In a modelling adventurous sociable f sporty 6 Forthis job someone would needexperience to the W Hil lvedecided dropyoua lineabout job you advertised thisweeks in online adaptation Ny of powder magazine Teens. for student l,mquite and gooo at fu t ana 2O-year-old takingpictures.Two yearsago I took a one-yearcoursein photography and l,ve workeo as a photographer ourcollege for newspaper. worked l,ve part-time a shop as assistant a photostudio, I at too. wantto study photographyUEL some l,m at and day sure lll work as a professional photographer for National Geographic. English German My and arent badeither. p t havent worked professionally before l,m but sureld be goodat the job. I am veryfriendly and outgoing. I love traveling and seeingdifferent places. I canprovide reference in whic h Also, a letter previous my employer Ima goodphotograpner says andthat youcancounton me.I canshowyoumy workanytimeyouwant. p* wont be doinganything JulyandAugust. in We have holidays so I canworkwhenever our then youwant. p- Voucanget in touchwith meon 0g657345 or at emailprotected com.. Let soon meknow Allthe best, /ro**a Laura Hirsch c workingwith youngchildren 7 What qualifications would someone need in orderto be considered this iob? for tatingpictures iear Mr Elliot, p I am writing to apply for the position of )r3tographer which was advertised this weeks in r ineedtonof NY Magazine Teens. for p t am a 2O-year-old student. Two yearsago I iir3l

Psychoeducational Groups, the Best Option for Teen Mom

PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL GROUPSTHE BEST OPTIONS FOR TEEN MOMS. English 215 November 24,2012 Teen maternalism has been a problem in the United States for years. Although rates ache dropped since the 1990s, puerile motherliness rates in the United States argon still superiorer than some opposite(a) western societies. Teenage pregnancy is accompanied with legion(predicate) a nonher(prenominal) negative consequences such as shortened educational experience, diminished employment, larger family size, increased take chances of single- p atomic number 18nt and poverty. Teen mothers struggle on a daily basis, if you ar wiz of them you should visit a psychoeducational sort.Teen mothers should attend psychoeducational groups because they plunder teach juvenile moms parenting skills, social skills, and provide them with the erect they indigence in company to verify a healthy life style. The group stool also entangle adolescentage fathers. Psychoeducational groups provide work best for this population because it impart get a safe place where juvenileagers backside learn parenting skills and have the fight back of one a nonher. Since each teen is going through the same situation, they will be satisfactory to relate to one another and feel understood.While in that respect are negative consequences for the mother, the infant is also at risk by being born to a immature mother. One of the most rough-cut occurrences is belittled accept weight. pocket-size birth weight increases the mortality rate. It also has long-term effects such as incremental and cognitive delays. Low birth weight ordure be caused by the mothers lack of prenatal finagle, poor diet and stress. Prior to becoming pregnant, the teens bodies are not prepared for the change. Pregnancy takes a cost on the eubstance that most teens are not ready for. When their body is not ready, the kid can witness the negative effects.The teens need to fill healthier lifestyles once they beco me pregnant. They group will provide reading astir(predicate) the importance of a healthy diet. They will also be encouraged to keyk prenatal worry and attend the necessary appointments. By teaching the girls the importance of health care, they will be able to work it over to their churls life. The group is clearly for pregnant teens and for teen mothers since they will teach them to take care of themselves before they give birth, that government agency when they have the baby the teenagers will be able to take ood care of the kids. Lacking these skills is no surprise because the teens were not prepared to become mothers and have a lack of knowledge ab step up child development. In addition, it is beta that teens learn parenting skills. The teens need to be taught child care skills in order to better their life and the life of their child. Throughout life, the infant will cipher on the parent for the basic needs of life. If the parent is not able to provide, the child will suffer. The group provides them with the support they need to implement the skills.The types of skills the girls can learn are Also, teenage mothers are less seeming to be responsive to their child, less positive child rearing attitudes, to a greater extent likely to abuse their children. Learning these skills can mitigate this. The stress that comes along with teen parenting is inevitable. It can stem from many brasss of their life such as take aim, financial responsibilities, and providing a safe environment for their child. Stress can be united to an increase in psychological problems for the mother and increased birth complications.Teenage mothers are more prone to developing depression. However, receiving social support can decrease the amount of stress the teen experiences. When the amount of stress is decreases, the risk of birth complications also lowers. It also decreases depressive symptoms post birth. Many teen mothers lack the support they need when they are going through this stage of life. While discipline red-hot skills, the teens are also able to gain a stark naked support system. We can define support as the presences of persistent valet relationships.The mothers need support because most of them, not totally, come from a low socioeconomic status minority status, urban liveness, and having single parent. Having a stable human relationship can be hard to find living under these conditions. at that placefore, the group is able to provide the mothers with the support they need in order to overcome the obstacles of teen pregnancy. During the teenage years, individuals go through many developmental changes such as identity development, emerging independence, and developing insinuate relationships with others.When adding a baby to the equation, the situation only becomes harder and it puts stress on the development of the teenager. Much of their development is put on hold because of the baby and the need to jump into the mother role w hen they are not prepared. Therefore, they do not learn how to develop intimate relationships with their peers. In addition to the educational aspect of the group it can also provide a social intercommunicate for the girls. They are able to interact with others and learn how to develop intimate relationships.Since they are all struggling with the same issue, they will find it easier to relate to one another. The mothers education level is the main predictor of the babys life outcome. If the mother does not receive a towering school diploma, the chances of living in poverty are increased. The group can educate mothers on alternative ways to start out a high school diploma. There are many options the teens can use to obtain a high school diploma. One alternative is obtaining a G. E. D. There are also program that allow teens to finish high school in their home.The most important thing the group can do is encourage the mothers to finish high school and teach them the negative conseq uences of not finishing high school. Obtaining a well-paying job will be awkward without a high school diploma. The girls will also not be able to continue their education without a high school diploma. dungeon in poverty can lead to a lack of many necessities of life such as health care. Not having health care can put the baby at risk because they are not receiving routine check-ups.If they are not able to afford health care, there are many social services that can make health care accessible to them that they may not know about. Teens need to be educated on the methods available in order to pr yett having more children. Many teenagers do not use any type of hindrance during their first sexual experience. The group can offer the girls education about contraceptives and the correct way to use them. Many sexual education courses in the United States promote abstinence. While that would be the desirable result for all teens, it is not always the case.There are many forms of contrac eptives that can be right onward available to the girls if they continue to be sexually active. It is important to educate them on this topic so they can avoid having another child. The group offers a neutral environment in which they girls can ask any movement they want and offer them information about different types of contraceptives. When helping teenage mothers overcome their struggles, they need to be taught certain skills in order to survive. The psychoeducational group will provide them with the resources they need.Teenagers will benefit from a group linguistic context over an individual aspect. For one, they will be able to engage with other girls who are going through the same thing and they can see that they are not alone. In the individual setting, teenagers may feel singled out or attacked. It can be hard for them to relate to someone who is not in the same situation as them. Also, since teen mothers do not have the time to socialize and develop social skills, the group setting offers them a chance to develop the social skills needed. They will have an interactional experience for the purpose of learning new skills.While interacting with other people, they will be exposed to new ideas and viewpoints about their situation. Learning how to socialize with others will better their relationships at home. It can also improve their self-esteem. While learning from the other girls, they can also teach them the strategies they have used. The focus of psychoeducational groups is preventing behaviors and teaching new skills. Therefore, it is not therapy based. This can be beneficial when working with teenagers because therapy can be viewed as a negative thing.For some cultures, seeking therapy may even be out of the question. If the group is based on developing skills, it takes away from the therapy aspect. Since many of the teen mothers are not ready for motherhood, the group can provide them with the necessary parenting skills they will need to know. By teaching them parenting skills, the girls can be more cocksure in their parenting abilities. When they know how to appropriately get by a situation, they are less likely to take it out on their children. Also, keeping their stress at a low level will have positive benefits for the parent-child relationship.The benefits of a psychoeducational group for teen pregnancy are evident. At this age, teens are experiencing many developmental changes and raising a child at the same time can be overwhelming. Since teen pregnancy is becoming more common, it is inevitable that counselors working with adolescences or families will figure this topic. Once they are taught the right skills needed, they will feel more confident about being a parent. References 1-Ambul Pediatr (2003). The parenting project for teen mothers the impact of a nurturing curriculum on adolescent parenting skills and life hassles. ONLINE useable at http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12974663. 2- Mobley, J, & Fort, S. D. (2007). grooming psycho-educational groups for school. Retrieved August 28,2007 from http//counselingoutfitters. com/vistas/vistas07/Mobley. pdf. 3- Bethany Casarjian (2003). The youth project. ONLINE Available at http//www. lionheart. org/youth/youth_landing. 4- Valerie Burgess (2005). alter Comfort About sex communication between parents and heir adolescents. ONLINE Available at http//www. hawaii. edu/hivandaids/Improving_Comfort_About_Sex_Communication_Between_Parents

Video Games Can Have Bad Effect on Children

idiot box posts can ache toughened effect on children Nowadays, more and more children play moving-picture show feistys because there is a figurer at almost every home. Moreover, the add of Internet shop has increased and playing games becomes easier. However, I believe that Video games are not beneficial for children but they contain an negative sham on them. This paper, therefore, will argue that Video games can have bad effect on children First of all, computer games take a hazard of time of the children.If you want to play and become a big persona of any games, you have to invest galore(postnominal) hours per day. Besides, computer games have a strong power over children making them play many hours per day. This makes many children dont have enough time to finish their homework and they grades in school become weaker over time. For example, my 15-year-old nephew used to play computer games approximately 4-5 hours per day. When his parents got his grades they realized that his performance was not satisfying.My nephews teacher told they parents that he could not concentrate during the lectures and he rarely did his homework. Secondly, with some games, children who playing these games usually have a violent tendency. Its because theyre still young andcannot note where is the real and unreal world. Consequently, they usually have the strange actions like in their games. In the worse case, if we do not control them early, they will do wrong things in some days. In television news syllabus last night, a boy was stabbed to death by his friends because they scramble for game items.Finally, being addicted to games may lead to many social issues such as stealing. Ive read a lot of newspapers showing that many children who lack of money for playing games decided to steal and lie their parents for money. In conclusion, children are future of the world, therefore, parents need to care and look after them as best as possible. Playing computer games is not prohibited, but we must(prenominal) control our kids usually. Give them more activities and limit the time playing game is the thing that parents should do.

With specific focus on Anthem for Doomed Youth evaluate the methods the poet uses to bring across his convictions, feelings and ideas

Who longs to charge and shoot,Do you my lad crack.This ultranationalistic wartime poem by Jessie Pope ignites Owens anger at these false whims of war. This is straightforward in such poems as Dulce et Decorum est, originally penned towards Pope, hence the sign title, To a Certain Poetess. Owens senses were charred at the sight of the suffering of the troops, such accusations ab turn out the nature of warfargon fuelling the malice of his work. Owen never openly retaliates, or else opting to include his resentwork forcet towards writers like Pope in his poems. Owen frequently conveys his assents of alienated youth in hymn For Doomed offspring by referring to the custody of boys, evidently refusing to acknowledge the maturity of the hands.Owens numerous references to religious symbols heightens the effects of his poems. In Anthem, we hear the de mented choirs of squall shells. Angelic choirs are ironically reverse as Owen negates Christian ritual as beingness unfitting for those who die amid screaming shells. In Mental Cases, we to a fault bear witness to scriptural images, asking if we areSleeping, and walk hellBut who these mephistophelean?Owen oftentimes compares war to Hell, analyse soldiers to creatures undergoing eternal torment, Wherefore rock they, purgatorial shadows. This adds to the created impression of those driven mad by war, as he asks if the multitudinous murders these men hold in committed has doomed them to Hell. Owen insists these soldiers are not to blame, for we dealt them this tormented fate. Anthem is a equal reversal, where Owen utilizes heavenly elements, orisons. Yet, these spiritual references are used negatively the only authentic regret is the holy glimmers of goodbyes in the dying soldiers eyes. The gloriousness of enlightenment and God is ignored, ext culture the distressing impact of the poem on the subscriber, as similar accessish resource is used in other(a) poems, such as the gas victims devil sick of sun face in Dulce. This resourcefulness is so contorted it is unearthly, and determinemingly impossible sound as the devil becoming tired of sinning is impossible. Owens verbal images are parallel to artistic production of the time, in particular Otto Dixs Assault Under blow out, sh soak up got below.In this art piece, Dix mirrors the tortured, hellish scenes of Dulce, with the cries of Gas almost audible. The ocular imagery counsels the mental effects of the attacks on the soldiers, highlighted by the colour grey as if intent had been drained from them. Owen would have been aware of this, as he was treated at Craiglockhart Hospital for shellshock, amongst men whose slumbers were morbid and terrifying.In Futility, the image of the Sun is frequently used. It is often associated with life and its joys, however, Owen is very sarcastic in his reversal of the sun, first writingIf anything capability rouse him nowThe kind old sun will know.Owen thence goes on to criticise the Sun, labelling it as useless. He asks why we are created and wedded warm life, when war destroys everything of valueO what made fatuous sunbeams labor movementTo break earths sleep at all?Owen overly adopts animal imagery to his poems to further the displayed messages. In Anthem, Owens opening line contains the powerful simile compare soldiers as those, who die as cattle? referring to the high numbers of utter soldiers, especially young soldiers, being cut cut back in their prime, just as cattle would. Owen suggests they were grown for a specific reason (to fight), and killed one time they had met their purpose (being slaughtered on the battlefield). In Owens first draft of Anthem, written, with guidance from Siegfried Sassoon, in Craiglockhart, he stressed the cattle reference as an emotional rag at the overly ambitious generals who used the men as cannon fodder.The parallel to animals is used to great effect. In Dulce et Decorum est, Owen details the men who had lost their bo ots, limped on, blood-shod. Boots and shod remind us of the horses used in the war, who had iron-shod berth portraying men as if they were beasts of burden, slumbering forward with heavy loads on their back the worry and terror of what would face them weighing the men down. We see the effects of such an affliction in Mental Cases, where the jaws that slob their impulse disparage us who dealt them war and madness by pawing. Such quotes strain the dehumanisation of these men that once sang their way, signalling the end of their handing over into rocking wrecks.Owen recreates the horrors of war through his gruesome graphic imagery, particularly in Dulces commonalty sea, where the floundring of the victim smothers his dreams. The reliableisation of such a sight is f undecomposedful to the proofreader. Even in Owens time, such a description would shock the reader into picturing the sick of sin hanging face. Owens passion displays the real effects of such a grim and monstrous wa r, trying urgently to erase the false screen created by such jingoistic writers as Pope.One of Owens tendencies is to incorporate intense sounds to support the potent imageryWe were caught in a tornado of shellsThis extract, from one of Owens letters, provides insight into his writing of AnthemThe shrill, queasy choirs of wailing shellsOwen uses his submerged memories of warfare to great effect, frequently applying onomatopoeia to his poems the stuttering rifles rapid rattle in Anthem, and the batter of guns in Mental Cases. The powerful resonance of the weapons intensifies the empathy the reader has for the sacrificed men, as the hellish scene recreates the rattling in our own ears, as if we, the reader, were in that respect. In Futility, a direct contrast is apparent, as the verbalize of fields at home signifies the sharp difference between the frontline action, and the apathy of Blighty.This is a stark reminder from Owen that, whilst everythings fine and calm in Britain, the re are full-nerved men dying in France. The continuation of Anthems onomatopoeic clatters is reflect most notably by Mental Cases batter of guns and shatter of ready muscles. The rhyming extends Owens vivid ideas by suggesting that, as well as fight and seeing the misery of comrades falling, the sounds of the multitudinous murders they once witnessed replay constantly in their minds, reminding them of the torment they met.In Dulce, we can hear the guttering choking and gargling of the hanging face, as well as visualize the grotesque scene, subjecting the reader to view the true nature of war further. As well as applying haunting adjectives to his work, Owen utilizes measure to maintain his high level of passion. This is most evident in Dulce, where distributively verse is different in speed. The opening verse is drawn out -very slow with long, elongated vowels and verbs completing the stanza, lame, lost and coughing. This mirrors the degenerate of the soldiers, who would be d eprived of sleep and be very slow in their speech. As the poem progresses into the gas attack, a pacy, urgent tone is adopted, with the cries of Gas Gas Quick, boys As Owen describes the gas victims painful end, the solemnly spoken linguistic process are slower, reverting back to the lingering sounds of the first verse, writhing. In Anthem, the passing bells of the funeral suggests a slow, sombre tone, as is the case with funerals. However, with the bugles calling and the wailing, the mournful mood is lost, just like the youth of Britain.Owen often ends his poems with an objective conviction, a controversial one that projects his innermost feelings, chosen to express the much(prenominal) truths almost war, and how the patriotic campaigns to conscript men are disgraceful. In Anthem, Owen ends withTheir flowers the essence of patient minds,And each slow dusk a drawing down of blindsThis is a direct contrast to the whole poem, where Owen suggests the monstrous anger of the guns ac companies them in death. Instead of his habitual ending of a Lie, Owens ending is astonishingly peaceful, displaying a compassion for the dead previously unseen in his other poems. Mental Cases, Futility and Dulce, however, all oppose the somewhat upbeat ending. Dulce ends withThe old Lie Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori.Owen flat out accuses the old saying, and the certain poetess, that to die for your acres is not sweet and meet. Owen even goes as far as ironically rhyming glory and mori, as to satirically jeer at Jesse Pope, completely contradicting her. Owen asks if my friend, you would not tellthe old Lie, passionately speeching the reader, but also the frank direction at Pope not to print her jingoes, ironically donning her friend. This mirrors the ending to Mental Cases, where a sharp change of address sees the blame of the extrication shift to us who dealt them war and madness. Owen deliberately develops the poem to the startling climax, enveloping the blame around s ociety as a whole, and not just certain poetesses.Dulce and Mental Cases match in descriptions, where the futile attempts to pick and snatch combine to provide the reader with an enkindle sense of grief, at having sent these men off to war. Owens ideas mean that we, the advanced(a) reader, feel this guilt at having sent innocent youths to their untimely deaths, when we had through with(p) nothing. However, contextually, the reader would have read this, and known that they had done wrong, becoming guilty at their mistake. This is similar to Futility, where Owen accuses the fatuous sunbeams of wasting human life, agreeing with the Doomed Youth title, but opposing its final lines. Futility describes how men are killing others, ending life, when we should not be ordering the termination of it undoing Gods work, when it is not our right to.Owens feelings towards death, and the ending of life, are the fundamental issues in his poems. In Dulce, Owen is constantly comparing young with old, bent double, like old beggars and knock-kneed, coughing like hags. Dulce also details how the men marcheddrunk with fatigue, explaining the exhausted state of the men. These third quotes are shocking, as these men are young, energetic men, but theyre being reduced to quivering wrecks suggesting men age quicker in the trenches, collectable to the horrors they see, and what they have to experience. This is a direct juxtaposition, where the young are dying earlier the old (A role reversal), but are seen as being old themselves. Owens visual ideas on death are nothing short of morbid, describingat every jolt, the bloodCome gargling from the froth-corrupted lungsIn Dulce and Mental Cases, Owen adopts a macabre progression to extend the demons of these men. In Dulce, the white eyes of the hanging face suggest death is upon the man, and that he is looking at the men to choose his contiguous victim. This idea is carried into Mental Cases, where there are men whose minds the Dead have ravished. Owen suggests, through a conviction of anxiety, that death is omnipresent, and that the worst fear is to suffer a purgatorial shadow.Owen writes to display one main conviction that the false pretences of war are just that false. By writing about such shocking and disturbing issues, Owen breaks the fabricated lies and makes his feelings known by adding perplexing sentences to his poems, marching asleep fatigue of war, or asleep to the glorious propaganda that recruited them? Owens poems are full of truths, however controversial they seem, and he projects his convictions and feelings any way he can, regardless of consequences.

Capital Punishment Essay

The finish penalization has been around for more centuries and ordain in all probability be around for many a(prenominal) to come. Although some citizens ol accompanimentory property upper-case letter penalization is ethically abuse, it is necessary in todays society for heterogeneous reasons.Society must be kept proficient from the barbaric acts of murders and rapist, by taking a carriage their lives to lam and perform in our society. Most illegals take for grantedt take into taradiddle the results of their actions. If a somebody intending to commit a crime, sees a nonher criminal confide to close for the akin crime he or she is going to call for out, the person mogul think onwards exe whooping the crime. Edward Koch, who has been district leader, councilman, congressman, and city manager says, pitying biography deserves special protection, and champion of the best ways to fix that protection is to underwrite that convicted murders do non consume again ( 323).A person, who has been affected by a criminals work, would probably emotional state that the death penalty is fair. Its big(a) to imagine how it would feel if unmatched of your loved peerlesss were murdered. personally I would indispensableness the person who took my loved ones carriage to weather. In addition, about gets views would be quite similar. If a criminal was to assail a child the mother would more than believably want the death penalty for the rapist. Koch makes a similar point by saying, Life is therefore precious and I look at the death penalty financial aids to af substantial the fact (322).Most countries in the cosmea do not use the death sentence as a form of penalization. However, most countries fetch stiffer penalties for crimes. If the linked States were to make a on the dotness like this it would be too harsh. Nonethe slight, if on a persons third attainense of stealing, their hand were cut slay then this would be more appropriate. not bad(p) letter Punishment besides has its blackball effects. Life enslavement without parole serves the aforementioned(prenominal) purposes as expectant penalty at less(prenominal) cost without the meditate of whether its adept or wrong. Also, with capital punishment there is the prospect of killing an unacquainted(p) person. The poor and minorities have less money to fall out on a good lawyer, so they atomic number 18 more at risk for an partial trial.In comparison the discussion also says that capital punishment is not morally correct. The Ten Commandments in the Bible states, cubic yard shalt not kill (Ex. 20.13). Steve Hux the pastor at cedarwood Creek unload Will Baptist church says, capital punishment is biblically wrong and one human life should not be put in the hands of another. motionless capital punishments benefits outweigh the negative effects. Its actually important to help keep crime off the streets and this is a firm way to do it. Capital punis hment shows criminals that they will have to suffer their consequences.In conclusion, capital punishment is a just way of punishment. It allows victims families to have somewhat of a consolation, by knowing that nefarious murders are off the streets. Finally, capital punishment provides a powerful way to make the arguing crime is wrong. The death penalty has been around for many centuries and will probably be around for many to come. Although some citizens feel capital punishment is ethically wrong, it is necessary in todays society for various reasons.Society must be kept safe from the barbaric acts of murders and rapist, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. Most criminals dont take into account the results of their actions. If a person intending to commit a crime, sees another criminal put to death for the same crime he or she is going to carry out, the person might think before executing the crime. Edward Koch, who has been district leader, council man, congressman, and mayor says, human life deserves special protection, and one of the best ways to guarantee that protection is to assure that convicted murders do not kill again (323).A person, who has been affected by a criminals work, would probably feel that the death penalty is fair. Its hard to imagine how it would feel if one of your loved ones were murdered. Personally I would want the person who took my loved ones life to suffer. In addition, most mothers views would be quite similar. If a criminal was to rape a child the mother would more than likely want the death penalty for the rapist. Koch makes a similar point by saying, Life is indeed precious and I believe the death penaltyhelps to affirm the fact (322).Most countries in the world do not use the death sentence as a form of punishment. However, most countries have stiffer penalties for crimes. If the United States were to make a law like this it would be too harsh. Nonetheless, if on a persons third crime of ste aling, their hand were cut off then this would be more appropriate.Capital Punishment also has its negative effects. Life imprisonment without parole serves the same purposes as capital punishment at less cost without the debate of whether its right or wrong. Also, with capital punishment there is the chance of killing an innocent person. The poor and minorities have less money to spend on a good lawyer, so they are more at risk for an unfair trial.In comparison the Bible also says that capital punishment is not morally correct. The Ten Commandments in the Bible states, Thou shalt not kill (Ex. 20.13). Steve Hux the pastor at Cedar Creek Free Will Baptist Church says, capital punishment is biblically wrong and one human life should not be put in the hands of another. Still capital punishments benefits outweigh the negative effects. Its very important to help keep crime off the streets and this is a firm way to do it. Capital punishment shows criminals that they will have to suffer t heir consequences.In conclusion, capital punishment is a just way of punishment. It allows victims families to have somewhat of a consolation, by knowing that vicious murders are off the streets. Finally, capital punishment provides a powerful way to make the statement crime is wrong. The death penalty has been around for many centuries and will probably be around for many to come. Although some citizens feel capital punishment is ethically wrong, it is necessary in todays society for various reasons.Society must be kept safe from the barbaric acts of murders and rapist, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. Most criminals dont take into account the results of their actions. If a personintending to commit a crime, sees another criminal put to death for the same crime he or she is going to carry out, the person might think before executing the crime. Edward Koch, who has been district leader, councilman, congressman, and mayor says, human life deserves sp ecial protection, and one of the best ways to guarantee that protection is to assure that convicted murders do not kill again (323).A person, who has been affected by a criminals work, would probably feel that the death penalty is fair. Its hard to imagine how it would feel if one of your loved ones were murdered. Personally I would want the person who took my loved ones life to suffer. In addition, most mothers views would be quite similar. If a criminal was to rape a child the mother would more than likely want the death penalty for the rapist. Koch makes a similar point by saying, Life is indeed precious and I believe the death penalty helps to affirm the fact (322).Most countries in the world do not use the death sentence as a form of punishment. However, most countries have stiffer penalties for crimes. If the United States were to make a law like this it would be too harsh. Nonetheless, if on a persons third offense of stealing, their hand were cut off then this would be more appropriate.Capital Punishment also has its negative effects. Life imprisonment without parole serves the same purposes as capital punishment at less cost without the debate of whether its right or wrong. Also, with capital punishment there is the chance of killing an innocent person. The poor and minorities have less money to spend on a good lawyer, so they are more at risk for an unfair trial.In comparison the Bible also says that capital punishment is not morally correct. The Ten Commandments in the Bible states, Thou shalt not kill (Ex. 20.13). Steve Hux the pastor at Cedar Creek Free Will Baptist Church says, capital punishment is biblically wrong and one human life should not be put in the hands of another. Still capital punishments benefits outweigh the negative effects. Its very important to help keep crime offthe streets and this is a firm way to do it. Capital punishment shows criminals that they will have to suffer their consequences.In conclusion, capital punishment is a just way of punishment. It allows victims families to have somewhat of a consolation, by knowing that vicious murders are off the streets. Finally, capital punishment provides a powerful way to make the statement crime is wrong.

The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

A Reflection on The Death of the puffiness gun enclosure Gunner Rebeca Espirito Santo The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner From my mothers sleep I fell into the province And I hunched in its belly till my unfaltering hide froze Six miles from the earth, loosed from its dream of life I woke to black flack and the nightmare fomenters When I died they washed me out of the gun enclosure with a hose. Randall Jarrell The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner, by Randall Jarrell, is a surprisingly simple and brief numbers nevertheless it is extensive in content.Due to carefully chosen words, with corking descriptive power and an appeal to symbolism, Jarrell skillfully accomplishes the task of providing readers with detailed images and feelings of the gun turret gunners situation, yet leaves plenty of space for the readers imagination, interpretation and critique. While reading this metrical composition, one quarter be support to question the image we have of our spends those who h ave no fear magical spell not sceptical their bra precise. War gage produce gruesome situations that can cause even the bravest custody to face their fears.The poems trenchancy is demonstrated by the fact that if the reader doesnt see the title, or if one isnt familiar with what a ball turret is, it becomes very challenging to even know what the poem is about. Once the reader forms a clear image of a B-17 Flying Fortress or a B-24 Liberator, with its small Plexiglas ball turrets located in the tramp fuselage, it becomes super easy to visualize the soldiers situation. From the first half(a) of the second line And I hunched in its belly of the poem it is possible to picture how uncomfortable, lonely and vulnerable the gunner was in the goat of the airplane.Then, in the second half of the same line till my wet fur froze one is able to envision the soldiers woe due to his nervous sweat and the cold, thin air. The gunner was in an extremely vulnerable position. Even if he was spared another gunners smoking at the end of the mission, he knew he was still not safe. In the case of a forced landing, he knew he would be sacrificed. On the third line Six miles from the earth, loosed from its dream of life one can observe his acknowledgment of this surreal reality.This leads the character to the understanding of not just now his physical distance from earth, but also from earthly life and the betting odds against him going back to that life. He was already preparing himself for the worst and suppressing his hopes of survival. Through the agony of a single man, Jarrell is able to depict the fears of a lonely soldier in an extremely vulnerable position, and invites us into the heinous reality of war which forces us to question our impressions of soldiers having no fear yet not questioning their bravery.War can produce gruesome situations that can cause even the bravest men to face their fears, but it is how they deal with this fear that is the central part. Ball turret gunners were courageous warriors. They were fully aware of how susceptible to death they were, nevertheless, they would continue to urge time after time. WWII was a dreadful episode in merciful history that killed millions of people, and its bloodshed is described by the UN Charter as a scourge that has brought untold sorrow to mankind.Jarrell had served in the military himself, thusly he knew at least to some extent what he was onerous to address. The most fascinating aspect of this poem is the paradoxical relationship between its physical briefness and its vast evocative power. His words are so carefully chosen and descriptive that it grants the reader with greatly detailed images and feelings of the turret gunners situation and the broader issue that he represents. The use of more than words becomes unnecessary hence, Jarrell masterfully proves that length isnt as important as depth and power.This pieces paradox and theme smitten me. As already discussed, Jarrells capability to evoke so oft with so little is quite amazing. It depicts an issue of my ad hominem and academic interest. As a Political Science major with a background in International Relations, war and its causes, consequences and issues intrigues me. The grievance caused by war is something that affects me quite deeply. This poem shows a very personal, crucial moment in a soldiers life.They truly believe they are going to war to fight for their nation with an ideology that has been forced into their head that they are willing to apply up their lives for. At the end of the day, unfortunately, the gravity of these soldiers personal sacrifices are often lost converted to a statistic among the many thousands of sacrifices that fleet during war. This poem seemingly parallels this situation in that it is a small and relatively simple poem lost in a sea of innumerous other poems yet upon further investigation reveals something much more meaningful.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Dr. abilitys C solitary(prenominal) to Action In Dr. mights garner from Birmingham send back, he shows that non military group is the way to get the po simulateive attention that his hire deserved. He believed that to physical exercise violence was negative on a twosome of points. First, violence perpetually gets negative attention. Second, violence was the way the Klu Klux Klan went closely their business. He treasured to demo dirty rights and do it in a air that conveyed his beliefs with knocked by(p) make opposite problems. In Dr.queens Letter from Birmingham Jail, he is toilsome to incline his faller clergymen (566) that his defend for the accomplishedised liberties is a just ane, and that the meet at fairness was a non reddened unrivalled and one that was surely postulate. Dr. mightiness stated, we ar caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a superstar enclothe of compulsion (566). ability is saying that its something that gre at deal no lasting be ignored, that he can no longer sit on the rocking horse and be an idle observer. The black human beings has to dole out it to the streets. In this letter, Dr. baron showed that passive impedance, develop exertion, and the ability to stand by ones trusts atomic number 18 the right path.In his quest for racial touchity, Martin Luther poof came to the excludeting that unbloody subway system was the entirely way to pass this goal. It was his belief that brotherly referee could be achieved only by changing the hearts and minds of the oppressors. power would only discommode from the main goal, driving bitterness between the oppose groups and shut d knowledge every supposition of reconciliation. His theory of peaceful bulwark meant that a withstander could be as cacoethesate as a knock put down-dragout one, besides in rejecting physical aggression, the unprovoking dissident leaves diffuse the possibility of a transformation.The absence of violence lets the other person deal provides from a cleargonr perspective, one that isnt clouded by the latermath of a violent confrontation. unprovoking resistance was the first step. Dr. King also stressed that adopt exploit was needed for racial par to exist. Dr. King and his followers would realise no option simply to present our very bodies as a substance of lay our case to begin with the conscience of the local and discipline constituentnership (567). Dr.King matte that maneuver action is to create a incident so crisis jam-packed that it volition inevitably open the door to dialog (568). King felt that check action was the only course to treat be sheath his run had been oblige this way by the unwillingness of southern golf club to compact any action at all. Finally, Dr. King said that before anyone takes acquire action, the objector first needs to purify (567) their soul so that he or she will produce no regrets tone ending forward. fetchin g direct action is the right path only, it needs to be understand that there will be consequences for those actions.Taking a stand has neer been docile and can be extremely difficult, but for the future happen of the African the Statesn, it was necessary. The protester needed to possess a firm object lesson conviction that their cause was a righteous and just cause. By corporate trust peaceful resistance, direct action, and a firm conviction of their cause, King was self-assured that the oppressors would condescend to crossroads him in the quest for equality. All other issues would pop off forth and the only thing left to see would be the rightful(a) issue, a goodish versus evil perspective.The Letter from Birmingham Jail was written at a judgment of conviction when America had little room for blacks and their customs. It was a egg livid mans country, and the white man wanted it to stay that way. If non for the resolution of Kings convictions it might gravel rem ained that way. Dr. King should be seen as an American hero that had the where-with-all to follow by dint of with what he maxim as a total in rightness. He accomplished this by adopting a course of study of action that consisted of nonviolence, direct action, and the convictions of his beliefs.Letter from Birmingham JailThe struggle for gracious rights and urbaneised liberty by African American in the get in concert States of America brought al about some of the darkest days in American history. bowl this day, bulk of Americans regardless of race or color look endure at that period with regret. Dr Martin Luther King, a prominent leader in the urbane rights parkway was persecuted by his oppressors but he persevered relentlessly in the counterbalance for equal rights for African Americans mainly because we were fighting for a just cause.The letter from Birmingham Jail is a response by Dr King to statements by ogdoad aluminum Clergymen denouncing the use of street protest s by Dr Kings organisation in the fight for well-behaved liberty. Critics of Dr Kings philosophy on cultivated disobedience argue that the actions of his organization ar well against gracious law but in his letter, Dr. King tries to persuade the opposition about the relevance of street protests or civil disobedience in the fight for equality for all pot.He expresses his opposition to segregation from a clean perspective, synthetic perspective as well as an emotional invocation to acquit an listening into action in a quest to achieve civil liberty and equal rights for Black people. Although the letter was a direct reception to the clergymens statements, it served a broader mapping by also compass out to the large middle class which was com constitute mainly of apply white Americans. In his response, Dr King uses a subtle and persuasive come up in an attempt to sway critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience.By physical composition the letter, Dr Kings intent was to sway individuals who held opposing views from his, bringing all together to section an understanding. Knowing that the middle class comprises mainly of moderate Americans who are irrelevant to extreme views and actions and very much inline with religious beliefs and values, Dr Kings utilized this bridle-path to altercate the conscience of the group. Evidence of this is shown in the letter where he writes moldiness understand two honest averions to you, my Christian and Jewish brothers.First, I mustiness confess that over the past few years I have been bad disappointed with the white moderate. I have almost reached the unfortunate outcome that the Negros great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the exsanguinous Citizens Counciler or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate, who is more than(prenominal) devoted to coordinate than to justice who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a validating peace which is the presence of justice who constantly says I rack up with ou in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action who paternalistically believes he can set the timetable for another mans freedom who lives by a unreal concept of time and who constantly advises the Negro to wait for a more convenient season. Sh countenance understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. tepid adoption is much more bewildering than outright rejection. (M. L.K, 1963, April 16) This shows that he is in place with the views of his audience giving him the ability to make a great shock on the reader. The opposition held the view that civil disobedience and street protest were below the belt, only when because it was against the law. Laws are principles and regulations that are established in a participation by some authority and is applicable it people. I believe that stock posed by Dr Kings opposition is that there is no acknowledgment to breaking a law.However, in my opinion there could be moral justifications in breaking a law depending on the constitution of the situation. Hence, I concur with Dr Kings philosophical view on civil disobedience. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in staring(a) law and natural law. any law that uplifts human character is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust.All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. (M. L. K, 1963, April 16) The African American civil rights sweat employ civil disobedience as a elbow room of getting their voice heard by the masses and opposition. Those protests are excusable from a moral standpoint in that African Americans unjustifiably had their rights denied by their oppressors and used civil disobedience as a means to con their God-given rights. tally to my beliefs, it is immoral to go aga inst the rule of law without legitimate demand but it is morally justifiable to do so in payable cause such as the case of Dr King and the African American urbane Rights movement. Accordingly, there is also a logical perspective to civil disobedience which Dr King also uses eloquently in his letter. He communicate the statements make by the clergymen which called his actions unwise and untimely.Letter from Birmingham JailIn the Letter from Birmingham Jail, written by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the first leash splits make out the reader a lot about what is distinguished to the author of the letter and what kind of purpose he had for writing this letter. In these paragraphs the most crucial aspects of what Dr. King was trying to convey can be easily place and understood, giving us insight into a time and place that has plump so important to American history for many concludes.In the intro of the letter King describes his purpose for writing the letter, and what led him to feel that he had to write it in answer to the criticism of other clergymen who were judgmental about the actions that put him behind bars in the first place. In this paragraph we can clearly see that King is wishing to set the demo straight about his actions and what his motivations were. He writesIf I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such isotropy in the course of the day, proving that while he is aware that people are judging him and criticizing him, he chooses not to listen to it usually because he feels that his time is better used for working towards his goals.The second paragraph is important to the await of the letter because it establishes Kings place within aluminium and his affiliations to various organizations, all of which brought him to Alabama in the first place. He feels that his pest clergymen were questioning his motivations for going to Alabama, as well as his purpose in be ing there. He wanted the clergymen to know that he had a reason to be there, saying We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. Here, we see the think audience of Kings letter, as well as the purpose and subject of his letter. All of these things are more clear because of this paragraph.The next paragraph is, in essence, is the thesis for this letter because it gives the readers a clear picture of what the rest of the letter is about. Here is where he puts, into simple terms, why he is in Alabama and why he feels compelled to do his pacific protesting.King spells it out when he says, Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their frankincense saith the Lord far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle capital of Minnesota left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the classical world, so am I. compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. He feels that this is a labor of love, something that is his duty, and for this reason he feels that to convey his passion about civil rights through this letter is authoritative to his gaining the respect of others. The rest of the letter is set up in these three paragraphs.Letter from Birmingham JailMartin Luther King, Jr. penned Letter from Birmingham Jail in 1963 after being arrested for his participation in a non-violent demonstration against segregation. In his letter, King discusses the current societal problems of segregation and how best to demand alternate. King heavily believes that the best way to go about trying to enact change with regard to racial barriers is through non-violent means. Violence only breeds more violence, whereas non-violent protests and demonstrations allow for a peaceful protest that will force more change. use a non-violent lift was the most effective way for the African American fraternity to voice their opinions and reap the changes that they so earnestly sought.Non-violent action allows for the community to stand up and demand action through sit-ins, and other peaceful demonstrations in order to make governmental leading and officials take peak of the problem and attempt to address it. King notes, Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue.When a community at large believes that they are being interact in an unjust manner and demonstrates their opinions through marches or sit-ins, earlier than riots or other violent means, it has a much better mishap of forcing negotiations with governmental leaders than a violent approach. When a responsible citizen or a group of citizens act responsibly to force change, it is much more likely that they will be taken seriously. If a group of African Americans were rioting and using other violent means to take a stand against racial inju stice, they would only be denominate as part of the problem rather than a part of the solution.Non-violent demonstrations allow for a community to let their frustration and discontent out through a creative outlet that does cause a setback in their goals. King compares his passion for equality between races to the same passion that Jesus had for love, or that capital of Minnesota had a passion for the gospel. Comparatively speaking, both Jesus and Paul had unplumbed effects on the society that they existed within, though peaceful and passionate means. King says of the oppressed black man, If his repressed emotions are not released in nonviolent ways, they will seek expression through violence this is not a threat, but a fact of history. By acting with passion, but without violence, the African American community is able to further their cause through showing that they only want to be treated justly.The non-violent approach that King and his followers demonstrated in their fight f or social equality was the most effective forum for them to voice their opinions. Through sit-ins, marches, and other non-violent demonstrations, the African American community was able to come together and demand change without causing violence that would only hinder their cause. Had violent means been used in an attempt to gain equality, the African American community would have been labeled as part of the problem, rather than being taken seriously. A non-violent approach to the injustices faced by the African American community showed the governmental leaders that these oppressed peoples were responsible citizens, deserving of the basic rights they were being denied. However, violent demonstrations would have setback the attempts to gain equality. Letter from Birmingham JailThe struggle for civil rights and civil liberty by African American in the United States of America brought about some of the darkest days in American history. Till this day, majority of Americans regardless o f race or color look back at that period with regret. Dr Martin Luther King, a prominent leader in the civil rights movement was persecuted by his oppressors but he persevered relentlessly in the fight for equal rights for African Americans mainly because we were fighting for a just cause.The letter from Birmingham Jail is a response by Dr King to statements by eight Alabama Clergymen denouncing the use of street protests by Dr Kings organization in the fight for civil liberty. Critics of Dr Kings philosophy on civil disobedience argue that the actions of his organization are well against civil law but in his letter, Dr. King tries to persuade the opposition about the relevance of street protests or civil disobedience in the fight for equality for all people.He expresses his opposition to segregation from a moral perspective, logical perspective as well as an emotional plea to sway an audience into action in a quest to achieve civil liberty and equal rights for Black people. Althoug h the letter was a direct reply to the clergymens statements, it served a broader purpose by also reaching out to the large middle class which was composed mainly of moderate white Americans. In his response, Dr King uses a subtle and persuasive approach in an attempt to sway critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience.By writing the letter, Dr Kings intent was to sway individuals who held opposing views from his, bringing all together to share an understanding. Knowing that the middle class comprises mainly of moderate Americans who are opposed to extreme views and actions and very much inline with religious beliefs and values, Dr Kings utilized this avenue to challenge the conscience of the group. Evidence of this is shown in the letter where he writes Must make two honest confessions to you, my Christian and Jewish brothers.First, I must confess that over the past few years I have been gravely disappointed with the white moderate. I have almost reached the regrettabl e conclusion that the Negros great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizens Counciler or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate, who is more devoted to order than to justice who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice who constantly says I agree with ou in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action who paternalistically believes he can set the timetable for another mans freedom who lives by a mythical concept of time and who constantly advises the Negro to wait for a more convenient season. Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection. (M. L.K, 1963, April 16) This shows that he is in touch with the views of his audience giving him the ability to make a great impact on the reader. The opposition held the view that civil disobedience and street protest were unjust, simply because it was against the law. Laws are principles and regulations that are established in a community by some authority and is applicable it people. I believe that argument posed by Dr Kings opposition is that there is no justification to breaking a law.However, in my opinion there could be moral justifications in breaking a law depending on the nature of the situation. Hence, I concur with Dr Kings philosophical view on civil disobedience. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust.All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. (M. L. K, 1963, April 16) The African American civil rights movement used civil disobedience as a means of getting their voice heard by the masses and oppos ition. Those protests are justifiable from a moral standpoint in that African Americans unjustifiably had their rights denied by their oppressors and used civil disobedience as a means to acquire their God-given rights.According to my beliefs, it is immoral to go against the rule of law without legitimate necessity but it is morally justifiable to do so in due cause such as the case of Dr King and the African American Civil Rights movement. Accordingly, there is also a logical perspective to civil disobedience which Dr King also uses eloquently in his letter. He addressed the statements made by the clergymen which called his actions unwise and untimely.Letter from Birmingham JailDr. Kings prognosticate to Action In Dr. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail, he shows that nonviolence is the way to get the positive attention that his plight deserved. He believed that to use violence was negative on a couple of points. First, violence always gets negative attention. Second, violence was t he way the Klu Klux Klan went about their business. He wanted to expose unjust laws and do it in a fashion that conveyed his beliefs without causing other problems. In Dr.Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail, he is trying to convince his fellow clergymen (566) that his fight for the civil liberties is a just one, and that the march was a nonviolent one and one that was surely needed. Dr. King stated, we are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny (566). King is saying that its something that can no longer be ignored, that he can no longer sit on the sideline and be an idle observer. The black man has to take it to the streets. In this letter, Dr. King showed that nonviolence, direct action, and the ability to stand by ones convictions are the right path.In his quest for racial equality, Martin Luther King came to the conclusion that nonviolent resistance was the only way to achieve this goal. It was his belief that social justice could be achi eved only by changing the hearts and minds of the oppressors. Violence would only distract from the main goal, cause bitterness between the opposing groups and shut down any possibility of reconciliation. His theory of nonviolent resistance meant that a protester could be as passionate as a violent one, but in rejecting physical aggression, the nonviolent protester leaves open the possibility of a transformation.The absence of violence lets the other person see issues from a clearer perspective, one that isnt clouded by the aftermath of a violent confrontation. Nonviolent resistance was the first step. Dr. King also stressed that direct action was needed for racial equality to exist. Dr. King and his followers would have no alternative but to present our very bodies as a means of laying our case before the conscience of the local and national community (567). Dr.King felt that direct action is to create a situation so crisis packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiatio n (568). King felt that direct action was the only course to take because his hand had been forced this way by the unwillingness of southern society to take any action at all. Finally, Dr. King said that before anyone takes direct action, the protester first needs to purify (567) their soul so that he or she will have no regrets going forward. Taking direct action is the right path but, it needs to be understood that there will be consequences for those actions.Taking a stand has never been easy and can be extremely difficult, but for the future progress of the African American, it was necessary. The protester needed to possess a firm moral conviction that their cause was a righteous and just cause. By combining nonviolent resistance, direct action, and a firm conviction of their cause, King was confident that the oppressors would come to join him in the quest for equality. All other issues would fade away and the only thing left to see would be the true issue, a good versus evil pe rspective.The Letter from Birmingham Jail was written at a time when America had little room for blacks and their customs. It was a white mans country, and the white man wanted it to stay that way. If not for the courage of Kings convictions it might have remained that way. Dr. King should be seen as an American hero that had the where-with-all to follow through with what he saw as a total injustice. He accomplished this by adopting a plan of action that consisted of nonviolence, direct action, and the convictions of his beliefs.Letter from Birmingham JailDr. Kings Call to Action In Dr. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail, he shows that nonviolence is the way to get the positive attention that his plight deserved. He believed that to use violence was negative on a couple of points. First, violence always gets negative attention. Second, violence was the way the Klu Klux Klan went about their business. He wanted to expose unjust laws and do it in a fashion that conveyed his beliefs wit hout causing other problems. In Dr.Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail, he is trying to convince his fellow clergymen (566) that his fight for the civil liberties is a just one, and that the march was a nonviolent one and one that was surely needed. Dr. King stated, we are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny (566). King is saying that its something that can no longer be ignored, that he can no longer sit on the sideline and be an idle observer. The black man has to take it to the streets. In this letter, Dr. King showed that nonviolence, direct action, and the ability to stand by ones convictions are the right path.In his quest for racial equality, Martin Luther King came to the conclusion that nonviolent resistance was the only way to achieve this goal. It was his belief that social justice could be achieved only by changing the hearts and minds of the oppressors. Violence would only distract from the main goal, cause bitterness between the opposing groups and shut down any possibility of reconciliation. His theory of nonviolent resistance meant that a protester could be as passionate as a violent one, but in rejecting physical aggression, the nonviolent protester leaves open the possibility of a transformation.The absence of violence lets the other person see issues from a clearer perspective, one that isnt clouded by the aftermath of a violent confrontation. Nonviolent resistance was the first step. Dr. King also stressed that direct action was needed for racial equality to exist. Dr. King and his followers would have no alternative but to present our very bodies as a means of laying our case before the conscience of the local and national community (567). Dr.King felt that direct action is to create a situation so crisis packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation (568). King felt that direct action was the only course to take because his hand had been forced this way by the unwillingness of sout hern society to take any action at all. Finally, Dr. King said that before anyone takes direct action, the protester first needs to purify (567) their soul so that he or she will have no regrets going forward. Taking direct action is the right path but, it needs to be understood that there will be consequences for those actions.Taking a stand has never been easy and can be extremely difficult, but for the future progress of the African American, it was necessary. The protester needed to possess a firm moral conviction that their cause was a righteous and just cause. By combining nonviolent resistance, direct action, and a firm conviction of their cause, King was confident that the oppressors would come to join him in the quest for equality. All other issues would fade away and the only thing left to see would be the true issue, a good versus evil perspective.The Letter from Birmingham Jail was written at a time when America had little room for blacks and their customs. It was a whit e mans country, and the white man wanted it to stay that way. If not for the courage of Kings convictions it might have remained that way. Dr. King should be seen as an American hero that had the where-with-all to follow through with what he saw as a total injustice. He accomplished this by adopting a plan of action that consisted of nonviolence, direct action, and the convictions of his beliefs.