Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers

Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Urged by Hungarian-born physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wingner, and Edward Teller, Einstein told Roosevelt about Nazi German efforts to purify uranium-235 which might be used to build an nuclear assail. Shortly after that the United States Government began work on the Manhattan make. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the United States effort to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. "The first successful experiments in splitting a uracil atom had been carried out in the autumn of 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin"(Groueff 9) just after Einstein wrote his letter. So the race was on. Major common Wilhelm D. Styer called the Manhattan Project "the most important job in the war . . . an complete effort to build an atomic bomb."(Groueff 5) It turned out to be the biggest discipline in warfare and sciences biggest development this century. The most complicated issue to be addressed by the scientists working on the Manhattan Project was "the production of bountiful amounts of enriched uranium to sustain a chain reaction."(Outlaw 2) At the time, Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Of the Uranium ore mined, only about 1/500 th of it ended up as Uranium metal. Of the Uranium metal, "the fissionable isotope of Uranium (Uranium- 235) is relatively rare, occurring in Uranium at a ratio of 1 to 139."(Szasz 15) Separating the one expound Uranium-235 from the 139 parts Uranium-238 proved to be a challenge. "No ordinary chemical substance extraction could severalize the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238."(2) Scientists at Columbia University solved this difficult problem. A "massive enrichment laboratory/plant"(Outlaw 2) was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey, his associates, and colleagues at Columbia University intentional a system that "worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion."(2) After this crop was completed, "Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving charismatic separation of the two isotopes."(2) Finally, a gas centrifuge was used to tho separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. The Uranium-238 is forced to the bottom because it had more mass than the Uranium-235. "In this expression uranium-235 was enriched from its normal 0.7% to weapons grade of more than 90%."(Grolier 5) This Uranium was then transported to "the Los Alamos, N.