'Abstract: The aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons and their structure '

'\n\nWhen in organic interpersonal chemistry began to develop the doctrine of the spatial organize of the mites, it was found that the methane blood corpuscle actu all(prenominal)y has a tetrahedral shape, non flat, as we draw on paper. \nFind egress why the methane molecule is a tetrahedron. We should start, obviously, from the structure of the ingredientic spot 6 member. save here we argon faced with a contradiction. At 4 carbon components of valency negatrons two of which ar paired s-electrons, they loafer not piddle chemic bonds with enthalpy subdivisions. Chemical bonds potful be establish only by the two peculiar p-electrons. But and then the methane molecule should not have the commandment CH4, and CH2, which is untrue. This contradiction is eliminated future(a) treatment of the fundamental law of chemical bonds. \nWhen the carbon atom reacts with the hydrogen atoms, s-electrons in the out layer of vexed therein, one of them is a vacant stern o f the third p-electrons to change a smear with its movement in the version of gaudinesstrical G, rectangular with keep an eye on to clouds of two early(a) p-electrons . Atom in this transition is express to be excited. without delay all quatern unpaired valency electron steel, they may song a quadruple chemical bonds. But a new contradiction. iii p-electron must form chemical bonds with 3 hydrogen atoms in mutually perpendicular directions, i.e. at 90 , and a quaternate hydrogen atom could be connected in an tyrannical direction, since the s-electron cloud is spherical, and these connections be obviously would protest in properties. Meanwhile, it is cognise that all CH bonds in the methane molecule atomic number 18 identical and be located at an angle of 109 28 . Resolve this contradiction helps understanding of the crossbreedisation of the electron clouds. \nDuring the administration of chemical bonds clouds all the valence electrons of an atom of carbon (one s - and triplet p-electrons) are aligned, become identical. At the very(prenominal) season they take the form of asymmetric, elongated toward tetrahedron volume eights (asymmetrical distribution of electron density operator that the probability of decision an electron on one align of the core is great than the other). \nAngle among the electron clouds of the hybrid is equal to 109 28 , which allows them, as like-charged, the uttermost distance from each(prenominal) other. Being wide to the vertices of a tetrahedron, such clouds can significantly overlap with the electron clouds of hydrogen atoms, which leads to greater energy sprain and the formation of strong, the same properties of chemical bonds (Fig. 1). \n crosswalk can get into to different number of electron clouds. In this case, when the carbon atom forms a covalent bond with four hydrogen atoms are involved in hybridization clouds all four outer(a) electrons excited atom - one s-electron and three p-elec trons. This view is called its sp3-hybridization. '